Sir Thomas Cavendish (19 September 1560 - May 1592) was an English and private explorer known as "The Navigator" because he was the first to deliberately try to imitate Sir Francis Drake and invade the Spanish cities and ship in the Pacific and return by circling the earth. While members of the Magellan, Loaisa, Drake, and Loyola expeditions had preceded Cavendish in the world, it was not their intention from the start. His first trip and successful trip made him rich in Spanish gold and silk and treasures from the Pacific and the Philippines captured. The richest prize is the 600-ton Galleon Manila sailing ship Santa Ana (also called Santa Maria). He was awarded the title of nobility by Queen Elizabeth I of England after her return. He then set out for a raid trip and a second round trip but not as lucky and died in the sea at the age of 31 years.
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Cavendish was born in 1560 at Trimley St. Martin near Ipswich, Suffolk, England. His father was William Cavendish, a descendant of Roger Cavendish, the brother of Sir John Cavendish from whom the Duke of Devonshire and the Duke of Newcastle gained their surname from Cavendish.
When Thomas Cavendish was 12 years old, he inherited wealth from his father's treasures. At age 15 he entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, remaining for two years, but did not take the degree. After leaving school at the age of 17, he spends most of the next 8 years or more in luxury life. He was a Member of Parliament for Shaftesbury, Dorset, in 1584. In 1585 he sailed with Sir Richard Grenville to assist the colonization of Roanoke, gained much valuable experience but lost money on his investment. He is a member of Parliament for Wilton, 1586.
Maps Thomas Cavendish
In July 1586 Spain and Britain were in a war that would culminate with the Spanish Armada and an endangered invasion of England in 1588. Cavendish was determined to follow Sir Francis Drake by robbing Spanish ports and ships in the Pacific and circling the globe. After getting permission for the proposed attack, Cavendish built a 120-ton sailboat, with 18 cannons, named Desire . She joins 60 tons, 10 cannon, Content ship , and 40 ton Hugh Gallant .
Atlantic departure and crossing
With three ships and 123 people he departed from Plymouth, England on July 21, 1586 and reached the Strait of Magellan on January 6, 1587.
He anchored first on the island of Santa Magdalena near Punta Arenas at this time, Chile. There, within two hours, they kill and salt two barrels of penguins to eat. After extensive exploration of the many entrances, labyrinths and intricate channels of the islands and damaged lands in Tierra del Fuego and beyond, they emerged from the channel to the Pacific on February 24 and sailed to the coast of South America.
Exploring and invading the west coast of South America
There on the Pacific coast he drowned or captured 9 Spanish ships and plundered several cities with fresh food, supplies and treasures while intentionally drowning Hugh Gallant to use his crew to replace crew members missing on the ship others.
Capturing Manila galleon
A pilot from one of the captured Spanish ships revealed that Galleon Manila was estimated in October or November 1587 and usually stops at Cape San Lucas on the Baja California peninsula before going to Acapulco. Galleon Manila is limited by the Spanish Empire into one or two ships/year and usually carries all the goods collected in the Philippines in a year of silver trade, from Mints in Peru and Mexico, with China and others, to spices, silk, gold and articles other expensive. In 1587 there were two Manila galleons: San Francisco and Santa Ana . Unfortunately both experienced a typhoon as it left the Philippines and crashed on the coast of Japan. Only Santa Ana is saved and after the repair continues the voyage.
After reaching the Gulf of California in October 1587, Cavendish and his two ships were placed on an island above Mazatlan where they offset their ships to clean their butts and make general repairs. They had to dig a well to get water. They sailed to Tanjung San Lucas on the Baja Peninsula and set up patrols to see if they could see Galleon Manila. On November 4, 1587, one of the Cavendish scouts saw 600 tons of galleons manned by over 200 people. After a few hours of chasing the British ships remodel Santa Ana - the comfortable did not have a cannon on board, to carry additional cargo. After a few hours of battle in which Cavendish used his cannon to shoot the ball and shoot the wine into the galleons while the Spanish tried to fight with small hands, Santa Ana, now beginning to sink, eventually attacking him. color and surrender.
Due to the large differences in size Content and Desire have to pick and choose what rich cargo they want to transfer to their ship from a much larger Santa Ana . One hundred ninety Spaniards (including SebastiÃÆ'¡n VizcaÃÆ'no (1548-1624), later explorers from the coast of California), and Filipino boat crew, were brought ashore with food and some weapons in locations where they had water and food available. Cavendish continued with him two Japanese sailors, three boys from Manila, a Portuguese tourist who was familiar with China, and a Spanish pilot (navigator). They load all the gold (about 100 troy pounds or 122,000 pesos) and then take it through silk, damas, musks (used in the making of perfumes), spices, wine, and boat supplies for what they can carry. Some in Mexico claim that the total value of cargo is about 2,000,000 pesos. After burning Santa Ana , Desire and Content sailed away on 17 November 1587 to begin their journey across the Pacific Ocean.
Burning, Santa Ana drifted to the beach where the surviving Spaniards extinguished the fire, floated back the ship and trained to Acapulco.
The Content is never heard again. The Desire tries to avoid conflict for the rest of its journey.
Cross the Pacific Ocean and explore the islands of Southeast Asia
After crossing the Pacific Ocean, Cavendish and Desire arrived on the island of Guam on January 3, 1588. There he traded iron tools for the supply of fresh, water and wood, supplied by indigenous peoples. On further landings in the Philippines, Java and other islands, he trades several woven fabrics and other items for fresh supplies, water and wood, and collects information about the coast of China and Japan. He hopes to use this information to increase his existing English knowledge in the area and for the possibility of a second voyage. His crew of about 48 men changed outdated clothing and blankets with uniforms made of damask silk. Cavendish attacked Arevalo, the capital of a Spanish settlement in Iloilo at the time in 1587 with an attack that gave the city the difference as the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines that was attacked by a British pirate. It was also the first recorded British intrusion into Philippine waters.
Return to UK
On May 14, 1588 Cavendish reached the coast of Africa and returned to England via the Cape of Good Hope, stopping on the island of Saint Helena for supplies.
On September 9, 1588, Desire sailed to port in Plymouth, England. Then he marched to the Thames through London, featuring a new screen of blue damask.
Cavendish's first voyage was a great success both financially and otherwise; Cavendish has not been 28 on his return. Travel around the world has been completed in two years and 49 days, nine months ahead of Drake, though, like Drake, Cavendish returns with just one of his ship - Desire with a crew of about 48 men. He was awarded the title of nobility by Queen Elizabeth I of England, who was invited to dinner on board the Desire . Britain celebrated both the return of Desire and the defeat of the Spanish Fleet earlier that year.
Second voyage and death
Cavendish sailed on a second expedition in August 1591, accompanied by navigator John Davis. They went further south to the Strait of Magellan and then returned to Brazil, where they hid and reprovised in Ilhabela and looted Santos and Vicente SÃ <â € < Further north, they lost most of the crew in battle against the Portuguese in VitÃÆ'³ria Village today the capital of the State of Espirito Santo. An abandoned sailor, Anthony Knivet, then writes about his adventure in Brazil. Cavendish set off across the Atlantic to Saint Helena with the rest of his crew but died of an unknown cause at the age of 31, possibly on Ascension Island in the South Atlantic in 1592. Cavendish's last letter, written to his executor a few days earlier, accused John Davis of being " criminals "that cause" decay of all actions ". John Davis continued with the crew and Cavendish ships and discovered the Falkland Islands, before returning to England with most of his crew losing hunger and illness.
In popular culture
Cavendish was the central figure in the historical novel Captain for Elizabeth by Jan Westcott, who followed his first round trip.
Cavendish Tobacco, popular pipe tobacco, named after Sir Thomas Cavendish
Note
References
- David Judkins (2003), "Cavendish, Thomas (1560-1592)" in Travel and Exploration Literature: An Encyclopedia , volume 1
- Peter Edwards, editor (1988). The Last Sailing: Cavendish, Judson, Ralegh: The Original Narratives . Oxford. ISBN: 0-19-812894-0
- Richard Hakluyt. Chapter: "The prosperous journey of worshipful Thomas Candish..", in Sailing and Discovery: Main Navigation, Sailing, Traffiques & amp; Discovery of the English Nation . Found in volume 8 editions of Everyman 1907 Library. Also found in Penguin ISBN edition: 0-14-043073-3
- Shurtz, William Lytle; "Galleon Manila"; 303-314; E. P. Dutton & amp; Company, New York, 1939 - one of the more complete references
See also
- Pedro de Unamuno
External links
- John D. Neville. "Thomas Cavendish", Heritage Education Program, US National Park Service
- Christian Isobel Johnstone (1831). Life and Cruise Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier . Oliver & amp; Boyd. From Google Books
- Christian Isobel Johnstone (1892). Initial English shipping: or, Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier adventures and discoveries . London: Nelson. From the Internet Archive
- Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cavendish, Thomas". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
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