Gray (English English) or gray (American English; see spelling differences) is the color of the black and white intermediaries. It is a neutral or an acromatic color, which literally means "colorless." This is the color of the sky covered in clouds, ash and lead.
The first recorded use of gray as the color name in English was in the year 700. Gray is the dominant spelling in both English and European English, although gray is still used commonly in the UK until the second half of the 20th century. Gray has been the preferred American spelling since about 1825, although gray is the accepted variant.
In Europe and the United States, the survey shows that gray is the color most often associated with neutrality, conformity, boredom, uncertainty, old age, indifference, and decency. Only one percent of respondents chose it as their favorite color.
Video Grey
Etymology
Gray comes from the Middle English grai or grei , from Anglo-Saxon graeg , and is related to the Language Dutch grauw and grijs and German grau . The first recorded use of gray as the color name in English is in AD 700.
Maps Grey
In nature and culture
In history and art
Antiquity throughout the Middle Ages
In ancient and medieval times, gray was the color of the wool that was not plucked, and thus was the most common color used by peasants and the poor. It is also the color used by the monks of the Franciscan order, the Cistercian Order and the Order of Capucine as symbols of their oaths of humility and poverty. Franciscan monks in England and Scotland are commonly known as gray monks, and the name is now attached to many places in England.
Renaissance and Baroque
During the Renaissance and Baroque, gray began to play an important role in fashion and art. Black became the most popular color of the nobility, especially in Italy, France, and Spain, and gray and white in harmony with it.
Gray is also often used to draw oil paintings, a technique called grisaille . The painting is first arranged in gray and white, and then the colors, made with a transparent thin layer, will be added on it. The grisaille underneath will give a shadow, visible through the color layer. Sometimes the grisaille is left alone, giving it a carved stone look.
Gray is a very nice background color for gold and for skin tone. It became the most common background for portraits of Rembrandt Van Rijn and for many of El Greco's paintings, which use them to accentuate the faces and costumes of the central figures. The Rembrandt palette is almost entirely of a grim color. He composes his warm gray from a black pigment made of charcoal or burnt bone, mixed with white or white tin made of lime, warmed with a bit of red cochineal or angry lake color. In one painting, a portrait of Margaretha de Geer (1661), one part of the gray wall in the background is painted with a dark brown layer above the orange, red and yellow layers, mixed with black ivory and some white tin. On it he adds an extra layer of glazes made from a mixture of blue, red ocher, and yellow lakes. By using these materials and many others, he makes a gray which, according to art historian Philip Ball, "superb pigmentation smoothness." Warm, dark, and rich gray and brown serves to emphasize the golden light on the faces in the painting.
Eighteen and the nineteenth century
Gray became a very fashionable color in the 18th century, both for women's dresses and for men's vests and coats. It looked very luminous coloring silk and satin fabric worn by nobles and rich.
Women's fashion in the 19th century was dominated by Paris, while men's fashion was governed by London. The gray business setting appeared in the mid-19th century in London; light gray in summer, dark gray in winter; replacing a more colorful palette of men's clothing at the beginning of this century.
Women's clothing that worked in factories and workshops in Paris in the 19th century are usually gray. This gives them the name grisettes . " Gris " or gray also means drunk, and the name " grisette " is also given to the lower class of Parisian prostitutes.
Gray is also a common color for military uniforms; in the age of rifles with a longer range, gray soldiers are less likely to be targeted than blue or red. Gray is the uniform color of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and the Prussian Army during the Franco-German War of 1870.
Some artists from the mid-19th century used different colors from the gray to create impressive paintings; Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot uses a gray-gray and blue-gray tone to provide harmony with the scene, and James McNeill Whistler creates a special gray background for her mother portrait, and for her own portrait.
The Whistler setting of a different tone from gray has an effect on the music world, on French composer Claude Debussy. In 1894, Debussy wrote to the violinist EugÃÆ'¨ne YsaÃÆ'¿e who described his work Nocturnes as "an experiment in different combinations that can be obtained from a single color - what is studied in gray will be painted. "
twentieth and twenty-first centuries
In the late 1930s, gray became a symbol of industrialization and war. It is the dominant color of the famous Pablo Picasso painting of Spanish Civil War horror, Guernica .
After the war, gray business suits became a metaphor for uniformity of thought, popularized in books like The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1955), which became a successful film in 1956.
In science, nature, and technology
Cloud storm
Its white or dark cloud is a function of its depth. The small, silky white clouds in the summer are white because the sun is being scattered by the small drops of water it contains, and the white light reaches the eyes of the viewers. However, when the cloud becomes larger and thicker, white light can not penetrate the clouds, and is reflected at the top. Clouds look the darkest gray during a storm, when they can reach a height of 20,000 to 30,000 feet.
The stratiform cloud is a layer of cloud covering the entire sky, and which has a depth between several hundred to several thousand feet thick. The thicker the clouds, the darker they emerge from below, because little sunlight can pass through. From above, on an airplane, the same cloud looks very white, but from the ground the sky looks gloomy and gray.
Graying hair
The color of a person's hair is created by the melanin pigment, which is found in the core of every hair. Melanin is also responsible for skin and eye color. There are only two types of pigments; dark (eumelanin) or light (phaeomelanin). Combined in various combinations, these pigments create all natural hair colors.
Melanin itself is the product of a specialized cell, melanocyte, which is found in every hair follicle, from which the hair grows. As the hair grows, melanocytes inject melanin into the hair cells, which contain keratin proteins and that make up our hair, skin, and nails. As long as melanocytes continue to inject melanin into the hair cells, the hair retains its original color. At a certain age, however, that varies from person to person, the amount of melanin injected is reduced and eventually stops. Hair, without pigment, turns to gray and eventually becomes white. The reason for the decline in melanocyte production is uncertain. In the February 2005 issue of Science, the Harvard team of scientists claimed that the cause was the failure of melanocyte stem cells to retain important pigment production, due to age or genetic factors, after a period of time. For some, damage occurs in the twenties; for others, many years later. According to the Scientific American magazine website, "In general, among Caucasians 50 percent are 50 percent gray by age 50." Adult male gorillas also develop silver hair but only on their backs, see the physical characteristics of gorillas.
Optics
Over the centuries, artists have traditionally created gray by mixing black and white in various proportions. They add a little red to make a warm gray color, or a bit of blue to a colder gray. Artists can also create gray by mixing two complementary colors, such as orange and blue.
Today's grays on television, computer displays and phones are usually made using RGB color models. The intense red, green, and blue light combined with the full intensity on the black screen makes white; by lowering the intensity, it is possible to create different shades of gray.
In printing, gray is usually obtained by CMYK color model, using cyan, magenta, yellow and black. Gray is produced either by using black and white, or by combining the same amount of cyan, magenta and yellow. Most ashes have a cold or warm cast for them, because the human eye can detect even a little color saturation. Yellow, orange, and red create "warm gray". Green, blue, and purple make "cold gray". When no color is added, the color is "neutral gray", "achromatic gray" or just "gray". Images consisting entirely of black, white and gray are called monochrome, black and white or gray.
- RGB model
- Gray value is generated when r = g = b , for color ( r , g , b )
- CMYK model
- The gray value is generated by c = m = y = 0, for color ( c , m , y , k ). Lightness is adjusted by varying k . In theory, any mixture where c = m = y is neutral, but in practice such mixes are often muddy brown (see discussion on this topic).
- HSL and HSV model
- The Achromatic gray has no color, so the code h is marked as "undefined" using hyphens: - Ã,; Gray also produces every time s is 0 or undefined, as when v is 0 or l is 0 or 1
Web color
There are several gray colors available for use with HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) as the named colors, while 254 true grays are available based on the hex triplet specification for RGB values. All spelled gray , using spelling gray can cause errors. This spelling is inherited from the X11 color list. The browser engine Trident Internet Explorer does not recognize gray and makes it green. Another anomaly is that gray is actually much darker than X11 colors marked with darkgray ; this is due to a conflict with the original HTML gray and gray X11, which is closer to silver HTML. The three colors slategray are not on a gray scale, but are slightly saturated against cyan (blue green). Due to the unsaturated gray stagnation (256, including black and white), there are two gray tones that cut the midpoint in an 8-bit gray scale. The color name gray has been given a lightener from two colors (128, also known as # 808080), due to rounding.
Pigments
Until the 19th century, artists traditionally created gray just by combining black and white. Rembrandt Van Rijn, for example, usually uses white and carbon black or ivory black, along with a touch of blue or red to cool or warm the gray.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the new gray, Payne's gray, appeared on the market. Gray's payne is a dark blue-gray, ultramarine and black mixture or from ultramarine and Sienna. It was named William Payne, an English artist who painted watercolor in the late 18th century. The first use of Payne's gray as the color name in English was in 1835.
Animal color
Gray is a very common color for animals, birds and fish, ranging from whales to rats. It provides a natural camouflage and allows them to blend in with their environment.
The gray matter of the brain
The brain-building substance is sometimes referred to as gray matter, or "small gray cells", so the gray color is associated with intellectual things. However, the real human brain is actually pink; just turn into ash when it dies.
Nanotechnology and goo gray
Gray goo is the ultimate hypothetical world scenario, also known as ecophagy: out-of-control self-replicating nanobots consume all the material that lives on Earth while building more of themselves.
Gray voice
In sound engineering, the gray sound is a random sound that is subjected to the same loudness curve, as the A-weighted reverse A-curve, over a certain frequency range, gives the perception listener that it is just as hard. at all frequencies.
In culture
Religion
In Christianity, gray is the color of ashes, and biblical symbols mourn and repentance, depicted as sackcloth and ashes. It can be used during Lent or on the days of fasting and special prayer. As a color of humility and simplicity, gray is worn by the monks of the Order Friar Minor Capuchin, the Franciscan order and the Cistercian Order. Gray mattress worn by the Apostolic Catholic Church pastor of Brazil.
Buddhist monks and priests in Japan and Korea will often wear a gray, brown, or black outer robe.
Imam Tao di Tiongkok juga sering memakai warna abu-abu.
Politik
Gray is rarely used as a color by political parties, mainly because of its general relationship with suitability, boredom and indecision. Examples of political parties that use gray as a color are German Gray Panthers.
The terms "gray power" or "gray sound" are sometimes used to describe the effect of older voters as sound blocks. In the United States, older people are more likely to vote, and usually choose to protect certain social benefits, such as Social Security.
Gray is a term sometimes degraded by environmentalists in the green movement to describe those who oppose environmental measures and should prefer gray concrete and cement.
Military
During the American Civil War, the soldiers of the Confederate Army wore gray uniforms. At the beginning of the war, Northern and Southern Army had very similar uniforms; some Confederate units wore blue, and some Union units wore gray. Of course there was confusion, and sometimes soldiers shot accidentally on their own soldiers. On June 6, 1861, the Confederate government passed a regulation that standardized the army uniform and set the gray cadets as a uniform color. This is (and still is) the color of cadet uniforms at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and the cadets at the Virginia Military Institute, which produces many officers for the Confederation.
The new uniform was designed by Nicola Marschall, a German-American artist, who also designed the original Confederate flag. He closely followed the designs of French and contemporary Austrian military uniforms. Gray is not selected because of its camouflage value; this has not been appreciated for decades; but because the South has no main dye industry and gray dye is cheap and easy to make. While some units have colored uniforms with good-quality dyes, which are solid gray in color, others have colored uniforms with vegetable dyes made from sumac or logwood, which quickly fade in the sunlight to a butternut squash yellowish color.
In the last twelve months of the war, South Korea was able to import a uniform made with a good quality blue-gray coloring from Ireland, made especially for Confederate by a company in Limerick, but at that time the war was on its way to getting lost.
The Germans wore gray uniforms from 1907 to 1945, during the First World War and the Second World War. The selected color is a gray field called gray green (German: feldgrau ). It was chosen because it was less visible at a distance than the previous German uniform, the Prussian blue. This is one of the first uniform colors chosen for its camouflage value, important in the new age of smokeless powders and more accurate rifles and machine guns. This gave Germany a clear advantage at the start of the First World War, when the French soldiers wore blue jackets and red trousers.
During World War II, most of the German soldiers wore a traditional gray field. The soldiers from the General Corps of Africa Erwin Rommel wore a lighter gray uniform that was more suitable for the desert.
Several German Army uniforms and newer East German Army were gray in the field, as were Swedish army uniforms. The Army of Chile is wearing a gray field today.
Gray settings
During the 19th century, women's clothing was largely dictated by Paris, while London set clothing for men. The intention of the business law above all to show the seriousness, and to indicate a person's position in business and society. During this century, bright colors disappeared from men's fashion, and most were replaced by dark gray or dark gray coat overcoats, and lighter gray in the summer. At the beginning of the 20th century, the skirt coat was gradually replaced by casual wear, a less formal version of the evening gown, which was also usually black or charcoal gray. In the 1930s the English suit style was called a hanging suit, with broad shoulders and a bitten waist, usually dark or light gray. After World War II, the style changed to a leaner one called continental pieces, but the color remained gray.
In the second half of the 20th century, menswear fashion was determined by Hollywood by tailors in London. The 1950s and 1960s were the age of glory for the gray suit; they were worn by movie stars, such as Cary Grant and Humphrey Bogart, and by President John F. Kennedy, who wore a two-button gray suit. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson was the first US president to be inaugurated in Oxford's gray business suit; his predecessors have been wearing formal cutaway coats with striped pants for their inauguration. The gray outfit also became the unofficial uniform of Madison Avenue in New York City, the center of the advertising industry.
At the beginning of the 21st century, that style began to change; gray is considered monotonous and without character. Slowly dark blue suits get supremacy. At recent G-20 meetings and other international organizations, almost every head of state wore a blue business suit.
Ethics
In ethics, gray is used in a condescending way to describe situations where there is no clear moral value; "gray areas", or positively to balance the all-black or all-white view; for example, gradation of gray is good and bad.
Folklore
In folklore, gray is often associated with goblins, elves, and other legendary naughty creatures. Scandinavian folklore often portrays gnome and nisser in gray clothing. This is partly because of their relationship with dusk, as well as because these creatures are said to be outside the traditional black and white moral standards.
Author J. R. R. Tolkien exploits this gray folkloric symbolism in his works, which often uses the Scandinavian folkloric name and theme. Gandalf is called Gray Pilgrim; settings include Gray Havens and Ered Mithrin, the gray mountains; and characters including Gray Elf.
Sports
- In baseball, gray is the color normally used for street uniforms. This is because in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the visitors usually did not have access to a laundry facility on the street, so the stain was not visible on the darker gray uniforms compared to the white uniform worn by the home team./li>
Parapsychology
Believers in parapsychology say that those who suffer from mental illness of depression have a gray aura.
Gay culture
- In gay slang, gray queen is a gay man who works for the financial services industry (this term comes from the fact that in the 1950s, people working in this profession often wore the ash flannel suit -ash).
Association and symbolism
In America and Europe, gray is one of the most unpopular colors; In a European survey, only one percent of men say it's their favorite color, and thirteen percent call it their favorite color; the response from women is almost the same. According to the color historian Eva Heller, "gray is too weak to be considered masculine, but too threatening to be regarded as a feminine color, it is neither warm nor cold, immaterial or spiritual, with gray, nothing seems decided."
Gray is the most common color associated in many cultures with parents and elderly, due to the connection with gray hair; it symbolizes the wisdom and dignity that comes with experience and age. The New York Times is sometimes called The Gray Lady because of its long history and respectable position in American journalism.
Gray is the color most often associated in Europe and America with modesty.
See also
- Gray color
- Black
- Black and white
- Eigengrau
- List of colors
- Vin gris ( gray wine in French)
- White
References
Bibliography
- Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur - Effets et symboliques . Pyramyd (French translation). ISBN: 978-2-35017-156-2. Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Colors in Art . Abrams. ISBN: 978-1-4197-0111-5.
- Gage, John (2009). La Couleur dans l'art . Thames & amp; Hudson. ISBN: 978-2-87811-325-9.
- Gottsegen, Mark (2006). The Painter's Handbook: Full Reference . New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBNÃ, 0-8230-3496-8.
- Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs - pigments and teintures and les mains des peuples . Paris: Edition du Seuil. ISBN: 978-2-02-084697-4.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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