The color (or color name) is a word or phrase that refers to a specific color. The term color may refer to the human perception of that color (influenced by the visual context) usually defined according to the Munsell color system, or to the underlying physical property (such as the specific wavelength of visible light). There is also a color specification numerical system, which is referred to as the color space. Important differences must be established between colors and shapes, these two attributes commonly used in conjunction with each other when describing in language. For example, labeled as an alternate word term portion of color and form of term. Psychological conditions for the recognition of color exist, such as those who can not distinguish colors in general (Aphantasia) or those who see color as sound (Sinestesia)
Video Color term
In natural language
Monoleksemis color words consist of individual leksem, or basic words, such as "red", "brown", or "olive". Compound color words make use of adjectives (eg "light brown," "green sea") or some basic color words (eg "yellow-green").
Color dimension
There are many different dimensions where colors vary. For example, colors (shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple), saturation ("in" vs "pale"), and brightness or intensity form the HSI color space. The adjective "fluorescent" in English refers to high brightness with strong color saturation. Pastel refers to colors with high brightness and low saturation.
Some phenomena are caused by related optical effects, but may or may not be explained separately from the color names. These include gloss (high-gloss shades are sometimes described as "metallic"; this is also a distinguishing feature of gold and silver), iridescence or goniochromism (dye-dependent colors), dichroism (double-colored surfaces), and opacity ( solid) vs. translucent).
Cultural differences
Different cultures have different terms for color, and may also specify some color terms to a slightly different part of the color space of human colors: for example, Chinese characters? (pronounced q? ng in Chinese and ao in Japanese) has a meaning that includes blue and green; blue and green are traditionally regarded as nuances "?". In more contemporary terms, are they? ( lÃÆ'¡n , in Mandarin) and? ( l? , in Chinese). Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to green, ? ( midori , derived from classic Japanese descriptive verb midoru " Being in the leaf, growing "refers to the trees) and ???? ( guriin , which comes from the English word "green"). However, in Japan, even though the traffic light has the same color as other countries, the green light is described using the same word for blue, "> aoi , because green is considered a shadow aoi ; Similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (compared to red apples and red shiso) will be explained with the word aoi .
Similarly, language is selective when deciding which colors are divided into different colors based on how bright or dark they are. English splits several colors into several different colors according to the light: like red and pink or orange and brown. For English speakers, these color pairs, which are objectively no more distinct from each other than bright green and dark green, are understood as belonging to different categories. The Russians will make the same red/pink and orange/brown distinctions but will also make a further difference between here and goluboi , which English speakers will only call dark and light blue. For Russian speakers, here and goluboi apart from red and pink or orange and brown.
Some researchers have studied the color perception of OvaHimba. The OvaHimba uses four color names: zuzu stands for dark shades of blue, red, green and purple; vapa is white and some shades of yellow; hurry are some shades of green and blue; and dambu are some shades of green, red and brown. It is thought that this can increase the time it takes OvaHimba to distinguish between two colors belonging to the same Herero color category, compared to those whose language separates colors into two different color categories.
Hungarian and Turkish have several words for "red": piros and vÃÆ'¶rÃÆ'¶s (Hungarian; vÃÆ'¶rÃÆ'¶s in dark red), and k? rm? z? , al , and k? z? l (Turkish); k? rm? z? now including all red but originally called red, which is cognate, while k? z? l mainly refers to red and red orange or brownish red. Two words for "red" are also found in Irish and Scottish Gaelic (datingg for light, rua or ruadh each for dark, brownish red). Turkish also has two words for "white" ( beyaz and ak ) and "black" ( siyah and kara ). Ak and beyaz have the same meaning, while kara is a wider term than siyah and also includes dark chocolate; the word used also depends on the type of object described. Similarly, Ireland uses two words for green: glas shows the green color of the plant, while uaithne describes artificial colors, paints, etc. This difference is made even if two gradations are identical.
In the Komi language, green color is considered as yellow color ( ??? , vizh ), called ????? ??? ( down vizh) : "yellow grass".
In Pirahà £  £, there may be no colored words.
Istilah warna dasar
However, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay, in their classic study of color naming around the world. The term Basic Color: Their Universality and Evolution (1969), argues that this distinction can be organized into a coherent hierarchy, and that there is a finite number of universal "color terms" that are beginning to be used by individual cultures in a relatively fixed order. Berlin and Kay base their analysis on the comparison of color words in 20 languages ​​from around the world. To be considered a basic color term, the words should be
- monolexemic ("green", but not "light green" or "green forest"),
- high frequency, and
- agreed by the language speaker.
The Berlin and Kay studies further identify the cultural state of the introduction of the term color into stages (I-VII). Phase I covers only two white and black terms but the term is broadly referenced to describe other undefined color terms. For example, the Jale plateau group in New Guinea identified the color of blood as black. This is because at this stage I, white and black, are associated with an object closer to the brightness it has.
With the second stage of recognition another red term was developed. Objects are not too concerned with its brightness level for classification and instead in this stage we see each term covering a larger color scope. In particular darker shades of blue and other are portrayed as black, yellow/orange colored in red, and colors similar to white as white.
In stage III the identification of another term is obtained, but the new term is obtained differently but usually with green (III a) or yellow (III b). At this stage there are more cultures that recognize yellow than the first green. Currently there are two languages ​​that identify the first green, Ibiobio Nigerian and Mindoro Filipino language, Hanunoo.
In phase IV regardless of what term the culture acquires, the undefined terms are now obtained at this stage so the total terms become five.
In short, their analysis shows that in cultures with only two terms, they will be correlated with "dark" (including black, dark, and cool colors like blue) and "bright" (including white, light, and warm). colors like red). All languages ​​with three term colors will add red to this distinction. So, the three most basic colors are black, white, and red. Additional color terms are added in a fixed order as the language develops: the first is green or yellow; then another green or yellow; then blue. All languages ​​that distinguish six colors contain terms for black, white, red, green, yellow, and blue. These colors roughly correspond to the sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells, which causes Berlin and Kay to argue that color naming is not only a cultural phenomenon, but also something that is also limited by biology - that is, language is formed by perception. A 2012 study shows that the origin of this hierarchy can be attributed to the human vision and time of order in which color names are accepted or agreed in a perfect population in the order predicted by the hierarchy.
As language progressed, they further adopted the term for chocolate; then the term for orange, pink, purple or gray, in any order. Finally, a term of basic light/dark relativity emerges: such as "blue blue"/"dark" blue (compared to blue sky/blue sea), or red "pale" red/"in".
The evolutionary trajectory proposed in 1999 is as follows. Eighty percent of the various language examples are along the central line.
Today every natural language that has words for color is considered to have two to twelve basic colors. All other colors are considered by most speakers of that language as a variant of this basic color. English contains eleven basic color terms: "black", "white", "red", "green", "yellow", "blue", "brown", "orange", "pink", "purple", and "gray ". Italian, Russian, and Hebrew have twelve, distinguish blue and blue. That does not mean the English speakers can not describe the differences of the two colors, of course; however, in English, blue is not a basic color term because people can say clear blue sky instead, while pink is basic because the speaker is not say bright red .
Abstract and descriptive color words
Color words in language can also be divided into abstract color words and descriptive color words, although the differences are blurred in many cases. Abstract color words are words that refer only to color. In English white, black, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, and gray are abstract color words. These words also happen to be the basic 'color terms' in English as described above, but colors like marun and magenta are also abstract although they may not be considered 'basic color terms' either because they are perceived by native speakers as too rare, too specific, or the color of subordinate colors more basic (red in maroon case, or purple in case of magenta).
Descriptive color words are the words used to describe colors but are primarily used to refer to objects or phenomena. "Salmon", "rose", "saffron" and "lilac" are descriptive color words in English because their use as color words is derived from the natural color of salmon, rose, saffron pellet, and lilac. each. Often the descriptive color word will be used to specify a particular color of the basic color terms (salmon and rose [descriptive] both in pink).
Colors in some languages ​​can be symbolized by descriptive color words even though other languages ​​may use abstract color words for the same color; for example in Japanese pink is momoiro ( ?? , lit. "peach-color") and gray is haiiro or nezumiiro ( ?? , ?? , lit. "ash-color" for light gray and "color-mouse" for dark gray); however, since language changes they may adopt or invent new abstract color terms, since Japan has adopted pinku (< span lang = "ja" title = "Japanese text"> ??? ) for pink and guree ( ??? ) for gray from English. "Vaaleanpunainen", the Finnish word for "pink" is a clear agglutination of the language words for "white" ("valkoinen") and "red" ("punainen").
The status of some color words as abstract or descriptive is debatable. The "pink" color was originally a descriptive color word derived from the name of the flower called "pink" (see dianthus); However, since the word "pink" (flower) has become very rare whereas "pink" (color) has become very common, many native English speakers use "pink" as an abstract color word only and further regard it as one of the basic colors English. The name "purple" is another example of this shift, since it was originally a word that refers to dye (see Tyrian purple).
The word "orange" is difficult to categorize as abstract or descriptive because both uses, as a color word and as a word for an object, it is very common and difficult to distinguish which of the two are primary. As a basic color term it became established in the early to mid-20th century; before that time the palette artist called it "yellow-red". In English, the use of the word "orange" for fruit precedes its use as a color term. The word comes from the French orenge , which comes from Sanskrit narang from Dravidian like Tamil or Tulu. The orange orange derivation as the color is evidenced from the end of the 19th century with reference to the fruit. However, "orange" (color) is usually given the same status for red, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, pink, gray, white and black (all abstract colors) in membership between basic English colors. Based only on the use of the current word, it is impossible to distinguish whether the fruit is called orange because of its color, or the color is called after the fruit. (This issue is also illustrated by violet and indigo .)
In Italy there is a different arancione adjective and comes from the fruit name Maps Color term
Struggle of color terms in linguistics
Research on color terms is often done without reference to the general use of the term or its meaning in the context of the original language. In the John A. Lucy article linguistic "color" he identifies two main categories. One is "referential reference range", or the use of color terms to identify or distinguish references over a broad context.
Research in different languages ​​and how they define the term color becomes more difficult because differentiating and relying on traditional methods rather than culture and intuition becomes problematic.
Standard system
Some examples of color naming systems are CNS and ISCC-NBS lexicon color terms. The disadvantage of these systems, however, is that they only specify a particular color sample, so while it is possible to, by interpolation, convert colors to or from one of these systems, a lookup table is required. In other words, there is no simple invertible equation that can convert between CIE XYZ and one of these systems.
Philatelists traditionally use names to identify the color of postage stamps. Although the names are largely standardized in each country, there is no wider agreement, so for example the Scott catalog published by the US will use a different name from the British Stanley Gibbons catalog.
In modern computer systems, a basic set of basic colors is now used throughout the web color names (SVG 1.0/CSS3), HTML color names, X11 color names and.NET Framework color names, with only a few minor differences.
The Crayola company is famous for its many color crayons, often called creative.
Heraldry has a standard name for "tincture", divided into "color", "metal", and "feather".
Color Naming Application
Even the basic word color has a strong metaphorical resonance. For example, a linguistic study from the Berlin and Kay studies shows that red color is almost always named in stage II because of the importance of blood.
Converters expand and give the feel of color connotations, as seen in paint modes and terminology, which seek to inspire colors with emotional associations. So the same "yellow poppy" paint can be a hot-blooded "yellow rage", a peaceful "sunshine" or "sierra gold" that evokes wealth. The General Motors division often gives different names for the same colors displayed on different car models. The attachment of the emotional context to colors can make it easier for customers to decide between choices.
Marketers often use unconscious consumer color preferences. Food coloring increases sales because associations are not aware of bright colors with appealing products and foods. In advertisements, bright colors attract the eyes of customers, for example for the benefits of having a credit card, while dull colors minimize other aspects such as high interest rates.
Neon and fluorescent
The names given for the most obvious colors often include the word neon , referring to the bright light of the fluorescent lamp. The dyes and inks that produce these colors are often fluorescent, producing glowing light when viewed under black light, and the pigments appear significantly brighter in the midday cloud conditions due to a greater proportion of ultraviolet light.
See also
- List of colors
- The color wheel
- Lazarus Geiger
- How Himba sees green and blue
References
External links
- Word Color - Article on the Color Name
- Coloria.net: The color name
- Japanese Color Name Cheat Sheet
- Japanese Traditional Color Name
- Japanese colors with English names
- Basic Colors in Tokelauan
- Intercity Color Board
- Color names in CSS 3: Color Module and SVG
- Color dictionary survey
- Online Color Naming Experiment
- Colored Word in Many Languages ​​
- Test your own colors
- SpoonFlower color map
- Color Method
- i.stack.imgur basic color terms
- HTML Color Picker
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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