Charles II of Navarre

src: charles.le.mauvais.free.fr

Charles II (October 10, 1332 - January 1, 1387), called Charles the Bad , is King of Navarre 1349-1387 and Count of ÃÆ'â € | vreux 1343-1387.

In addition to the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, he owns vast lands in Normandy, inherited from his father, Count Philip of ÃÆ'â € vreux, and his mother, Queen Joan II of Navarre, who has accepted them as compensation for resigning from his claim to France, Champagne , and Brie in 1328. Thus, in Northern France, Charles had ÃÆ'â € vreux, Mortain, part of Vexin, and partly Cotentin. He was a major player at a critical point in the Hundred Years' War between France and Britain, alternating sides in order to continue his own agenda. His terrible death by burning is widely considered to be God's justice to him.

Video Charles II of Navarre

Life

Initial life

Charles was born in ÃÆ' â € ° vreux. Since his father was the first cousin to King Philip VI of France, and his mother Joan II of Navarre was the only son of King Louis X, Charles of Navarre was born of the fleur de lys on both sides, as he wanted to show, but he managed to get a shrinking inheritance as far away as his land in France. Charles grew up in France during his childhood and until he was declared king at the age of 17, so he probably did not have the command of the Roman Navarre language at the time of his coronation.

In October 1349, he took over the Navarre crown. To take his coronation and anointing vow, Charles II visited his kingdom in the summer of 1350. For the first time, the oath was taken in a language other than Latin or Occitan as usual, the Navarro-Aragonese. In addition to the brief visit that paid the first 12 years of his term, he spent most of his time in France; He regarded Navarre in principle as a source of labor that advanced his design to become a major force in France. He wished for a long time to recognize his claim to the French crown (as heir to Philip IV through his mother, and Capetian through his father). However, he could not seize the throne from his Valois cousins, who were senior to him by agnatic ancestors.

The assassination of Charles de la Cerda and the relationship with John II (1351 -1356 )

Charles II served as Royal Lieutenant in the Languedoc in 1351 and ordered troops who seized Port-Sainte-Marie in Garonne in 1352. That same year he married Joan of Valois, daughter of King John II of France. He soon became jealous of French Police, Charles de La Cerda, who would be the beneficiaries of the Champagne, Brie, and Angoule camps. Charles of Navarre felt he was entitled to these territories because they belonged to his mother, Queen Navarre, but they had been taken away from him by the French kings for a trivial amount of compensation.

After publicly arguing with Charles de la Cerda in Paris at Christmas 1353, Charles arranged the Police murder, which took place in the village of l'Aigle (January 8, 1354), his brother Philip, Count of Longueville leading the assassins. Charles made no secret of his role in the assassination, and within a few days attracted British interest for military support for his father-in-law, King John II, favorite of the Police. John II was preparing to attack his son-in-law's territory, but Charles's offer of an alliance to King Edward III of England caused John to reconcile with King Navarre by the Mantes Treaty of 22 February 1354, in which Charles grew up. hers and outwardly reconciled with John II. The English, who had prepared to attack France for a joint campaign with Charles against France, felt they had been betrayed: not for the last time, Charles had used the threat of a British alliance to seize the concession from the French king.

The relationship between Charles and John II worsened again and John invaded Charles's territory in Normandy at the end of the year 1354 while Charles was interested in the envoy of Edward III, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster first at the unsuccessful peace negotiations between England and France held in Avignon in the winter 1354-55. Once again Charles changed sides: the threat of a renewed British invasion forced John II to make a new reconciliation agreement with him, sealed by the Valognes Treaty on September 10, 1355.

This agreement also did not last long. Charles befriended and considered trying to influence Dauphin, and apparently engaged in a failed coup in December 1355 whose goal appears to have replaced John II with Dauphin. John corrected the problem by making his son Duke of Normandy, but Charles of Navarre continued to advise Dauphin how to govern the province.

There are also rumors of a plot against the king continued, and on 5 April 1356 John II and a group of supporters burst unannounced into the Dauphin castle in Rouen, Charles of Navarre capture and imprison him. Four of the main proponents (two of which have become one of the killers Charles de la Cerda) were beheaded and their bodies hung from a chain. Charles was taken to Paris and then moved from prison to prison for greater security.

Charles against Dauphin (1356-1358)

Charles remained in prison after John II was defeated and captured by the British at the Battle of Poitiers. But many of his partisans are active in the Public Plantation which seeks to govern and reform France in the power vacuum created by the King's prison while most of the country degenerates into anarchy. They kept pressing Dauphin to release it. Meanwhile, his brother, Philip of Navarre, threw his fate with British troops who attacked the Duke of Lancaster and fought against the Dauphin forces throughout Normandy. Finally on 9 November 1357 Charles emerged from prison in the castle of Arleux by a group of 30 men from Amiens led by Jean de Picquigny. Accepted as a hero when he entered Amiens, he was invited to enter Paris by General Estates, whom he did with a large entourage and 'accepted like a newly crowned king'.

He spoke to the people on Nov. 30 about his complaints against those who had imprisoned him. ÃÆ' â € ° tienne Marcel leads 'demands of justice for King Navarre' which can not be rejected by Dauphin. Charles demanded compensation for all damage done to his territory when he was imprisoned, a free pardon for all his crimes and his supporters, and an honorable funeral for his colleagues executed by John II in Rouen. He also demanded the Dauphin's Duchy of Normandy and the Champagne region, which would make him the ruler of northern France effectively.

Dauphin almost powerless, but she and Charles are still negotiating when the news reached them that Edward III and John II had reached a peace agreement in Windsor. Knowing this can only be detrimental, Charles had all the prisons in Paris opened to create anarchy and left Paris to build strength in Normandy. In his absence, Dauphin tried to collect its own military force, but in the meantime Charles gives his followers who have executed a state funeral official at Rouen Cathedral on January 10, 1358, effectively announcing the civil war, led the combined forces of the Anglo-Navarrese against the garrison Dauphin.

Charles Revolution of Paris, and jacquerie (1358)

Meanwhile Paris is in the throes of revolution. On February 22, Dauphin chief military officers, the marshals Jean de Conflans and Robert de Clermont were murdered before his eyes by a mob led by Etienne Marcel, who made Dauphin a virtual prisoner and invited Charles from Navarre to return to the city, he doing on February 26 with a large armed bodyguard. Dauphin was forced to approve many of Charles's territorial demands and promised to finance his 1,000-strong army for his personal use. But illness prevented Charles from escorting Dauphin to meetings demanded by nobles in Senlis and Provins, and Dauphin was thus able to escape the guardians of Paris and Navarrese and open a campaign from the east against Charles and against revolutionary Paris.

Etienne Marcel begged Charles to intercede with Dauphin but he did not achieve anything and the land around Paris was looted by the power of Charles and by the Dauphin. In the last days of May, a peasant uprising against Jacquerie erupted north of Paris as an expression of spontaneous hatred for the nobles who had brought France so low. Etienne Marcel announces Paris support for Jacquerie. Unable to get help from the Dauphin, the knights from northern France appealed to Charles of Navarre to lead them against the peasants.

Although he was allied with the Parisians, Charles was not a lover of the peasantry and felt Marcel had made a grave error. He could not resist the opportunity to emerge as the leader of the French aristocracy and lead the suppression of Jacquerie at the Battle of Mello, June 10, 1358 and the subsequent massacres of rebels. He then returned to Paris and made an open offer to force urging the people to elect him as 'Captain of Paris'.

This move lost Charles's support of the many nobles who had supported him against Jacquerie, and they began to leave him for Dauphin when he recruited soldiers - especially British mercenaries - to 'defense' Paris, although his men, just in case. outside the city, raided and looted far and wide. Realizing the power of Dauphin is much stronger than his strength, Charles opened negotiations with Dauphin, which made him offer a lot of money and land if he could make Parisian surrender. They, however, do not trust this agreement between the prince and deny the requirement directly; Charles agreed to fight as their captain but demanded his troops be disciplined in the city.

Soon there were anti-British riots in the city and Charles, with Etienne Marcel, forced by the masses to lead them against garrison robbers in the north and west of the city - against his own troops. He led them (no doubt deliberately) to an English ambush in the woods near the Saint-Cloud bridge and about 600 Parisians were killed.

After this disaster, Charles remained outside of Paris at St Denis Monastery and left the city for its fate while the revolution burned itself, Etienne Marcel was killed, and the Dauphin regained control of Paris. Meanwhile he opens negotiations with the King of England, proposing that Edward III and he must divide France among themselves: if Edward would attack France and help him defeat Dauphin, he would recognize Edward as the King of France and pay homage to him for the territory of Normandy, Picardy, Champagne, and Brie. But the king of England no longer trusted Charles and neither he nor the captive John II regarded it as an obstacle to peace. On March 24, 1359 Edward and John signed a new agreement in London where John would be released back to France with a huge ransom payment and would hand him over to Edward III of a large territory of France - including all Charles's land of France from Navarre. Unless Charles proposes and receives an appropriate (undefined) compensation elsewhere, the English and French Kings will jointly fight against him. However the Estates General refused to accept the treaty, urging Dauphin to continue the war. This Edward III lost patience and decided to attack France himself. The military position of Charles of Navarre in Northern France deteriorated due to attacks from Dauphin forces throughout the spring, and with news of Edward's upcoming invasion, Charles decides he should achieve accommodation with Dauphin. After struggling with the bargain, the two leaders met near Pontoise on August 19, 1359; on the second day Charles of Navarre openly abandoned all his demands for territory and money, saying that he wanted nothing other than what he had at the beginning of hostilities and "wanted nothing but to do his duty for his country". It is unclear whether he was driven by patriotism in the face of an imminent British invasion, or has decided to wait his time to a more favorable point to renew his campaign. After the comparative failure of Edward's campaign in the winter of 1359-60 (Dauphin did not offer a battle and pursue a 'scorched earth' policy with residents seeking shelter in walled cities while the UK suffered severe weather) the final peace treaty was agreed between Edward III and John II at BrÃÆ' © tigny, while John II concluded a separate peace with Charles of Navarre in Calais. Charles forgiven his crimes against France and returned to all rights and property; 300 of his followers received a royal pardon. In return he renewed his influence to the French crown and promised to help clear the French province of the Anglo-Navarrese mercenary corporation, many of which he was responsible for releasing in the first place.

The Burgundian Legacy and the loss of Normandy (1361-1365)

In 1361, after the death of his second cousin, Philip I, Duke of Burgundy, Charles claimed the Duchy of Burgundy by the eldest son. He is the grandson of Margaret of Burgundy, eldest daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (died 1306). However, the duchy was taken by King John II, who was Joan's son of Burgundy, the second daughter of Duke Robert II, who claimed it in proximity to blood, and made provision that after his death it would pass to his beloved son Philip the Brave.

To become the Duke of Burgundy would give Charles a position in the political center of France he had always craved, and the sudden dismissal of his claim sparked a new bitterness. After the failure to win the Pope over his claim, Charles returned to the kingdom of Navarra in November 1361. He soon planned to return to power in France. A plan to raise his supporters in Normandy in May 1362 was a major failure, but in 1363 he developed an ambitious plan to form two troops in 1364, one of whom would go by sea to Normandy and the other, under his brother Louis , will join the Gascons who operate with the Big Company in Central France and attack Burgundy, thus threatening the King of France from both sides of his empire. In January 1364 Charles met Edward, the Black Prince at the Agent to negotiate his troop's journey through the British-held Aquitaine duchy, which the Prince agreed to be due to his friendship with the new military adviser Charles Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch, who was engaged to Charles's sister and led his troops to Normandy. In March 1364, the Captain marched towards Normandy to secure Charles's territory.

John II of France had returned to London to negotiate with Edward III, and the French defense was once again in the hands of the Dauphin. There was already a royal army in Normandy encircling the town of Rolleboise, commanded nominally by Count of Auxerre but actually supported by Bertrand du Guesclin. The design of Charles was known before and in early April 1364 this troop captured many of Charles's remaining strongholds before Captal de Buch could reach Normandy. When he arrived, he began to center his troops around ÃÆ' â € ° vreux, which still survived to Charles. He then led his army against the royal forces to the east. On May 16, 1364 he was defeated by du Guesclin at the Battle of Cocherel. John II had died in England in April, and news of Cocherel's victory reached Dauphin on May 18 at Rheims, where the next day he was named Charles V of France. He immediately confirmed his brother Philip as Duke of Burgundy.

Unaffected by this brilliant defeat, Charles of Navarre persisted in his grand design. In August 1364 his men started a fight in Normandy while Navarrese's small army under Rodrigo de Uriz sailed from Bayonne to Cherbourg. Charles Louis of Navarre, meanwhile, led an army coupled with a contingent promised by the Great Company captains and freebooters of Seguin de Badefol through the territory of the Black Prince and throughout France, avoiding the French royal troops sent to intercept him and arrive in Normandy on May 23. September. Hearing about the collapse of the civil war in Brittany after the Battle of Auray (29 September), Louis abandoned his design to attack Burgundy instead of arranging about retaking Cotentin for Charles. While SÃÆ'Â © guin de Badefol and his captain fellow captured the town of Anse on the Burgundian border, but only used it as a center for robbing and looting away. They did cause Charles of Navarre no visible goodness, and Pope Urban V excommunicated SÃ © â € <â €

At the end of 1365 SÃ © Â © guin de Badefol arrived in Navarre to claim the large sum that Charles had promised to pay him for his services in Burgundy, though he had no substance whatsoever. Charles did not like to see him, took him personally and poisoned him with crystallized pears.

Charles and the Spanish War (1365-1368)

The cessation of war in France left a large number of French, British, Gascon, and Navarrese soldiers and freebooters in search of mercenary jobs, and many of them soon became involved in the Castille and Aragon wars, both of which bordered on Navarre. Charles usually tried to exploit the situation by making an agreement with both parties that would enlarge his territory while leaving Navarre itself relatively untouchable. Officially he is an ally of Peter of Castile, but by the end of 1365 he ended a secret agreement with Peter IV of Aragon to allow the destroyers led by Bertrand du Guesclin and Hugh Calveley to attack Castile through southern Navarre to overthrow Pedro I and replace him with his half sister , Henry from TrastÃÆ'¡mara. He then reneged on his agreement to both sides and tried to keep the Navarrese border intact, but could not do so and instead paid the invaders in large numbers to loot them to a minimum.

After Henry of TrastÃÆ'¡mara succeeded in seizing the throne of Castile, Pedro I fled to the castle of the Black Prince in Aquitaine, who began planning his recovery by sending troops across the Pyrenees. In July 1366, Charles himself came to Bordeaux to consult with Pedro I and the Prince and agreed to keep the mountains of Navarre open for the exertion of the army, with which he would be rewarded with Castilian provinces in GuipÃÆ'ºzcoa and ÃÆ' lava as well. as an additional fort and a large cash payment. Then in December he meets with Henry from TrastÃÆ'¡mara on the Navarrese border and promises to keep the operand closed, in exchange for the border town of LogroÃÆ'Â ± o and more money. Hearing this the Black Prince ordered Hugh Calveley to attack Navarre from northern Castile and enforce the original covenant. Charles quickly surrendered, claiming that he had never been sincere in his dealings with Henry, and opened his operations to the Prince's troops. Charles accompanied them on their way but did not want to take part in the campaign personally, leaving Olivier de Mauny ambushed where Charles was 'captured' and held until the recapture of Castilea was completed. The hoax was so transparent that it made Charles a laughing stock in Western Europe.

The last French goods disappear and patronize Navarre (1369-79)

With the resumption of war between France and England in 1369 Charles sees new opportunities to improve his status in France. He left Navarre and met John V, Duke of Brittany in Nantes, where they agreed to help each other if attacked by France. Basing himself up in Cherbourg, the main city in the area remaining in his territory in Northern Normandy, he sent ambassadors to Charles V of France and Edward III of England. He offers to help the King of France if he will restore his former territory in Normandy, recognize his claim to Burgundy and give the promised deity to Montpellier. To the King of England, he offered an alliance against France in which Edward III could use his territory in Normandy as a base to attack France. As on previous occasions, Charles did not really want British troops on his land; he wanted the one threat to suppress Charles V. But Charles V dismissed his demands directly. On the strength of Charles of Navarre's offer, Edward III sent an expeditionary troop to the Seine River estuary under Sir Robert Knolles in July 1370. He invited Charles to come to England personally - which he did during the same month. Charles of Navarre held secret negotiations with Edward III at the Clarendon Palace, but committed very little. At the same time he continued to negotiate with Charles V, who feared that King Navarre would throw a lot of things with Knolles forces now operating in Northern France. Although Edward III sealed the draft agreement with Navarre on December 2, 1370 it was a death note after the destruction of the Knolles army at the Battle of Pontvallain a few days later. In March 1371, when there was no choice, Charles of Navarre held a series of meetings with Charles V and saluted him.

After obtaining little or no of this activity, he returned to Navarre in early 1372. He was later involved in at least two attempts to make Charles V poison and encourage various plots by others against the King of France. He subsequently entered into negotiations with John of Gaunt, which aims to make himself the King of Castile based on his marriage to the daughter of Pedro I, Constanza. But in 1373 Henry of TrastÃÆ'¡mara, now firmly installed as King of Castile and victorious in the war against Portugal's British allies, forced Charles of Navarre to approve the marriage fellowship, to hand over the disputed border fortress he had held since the Civil War, and to close its border with John's troops from Gaunt. However, in March 1374 Charles met John of Gaunt at Dax at Gascony and agreed to let him use Navarre as a base to attack Castile on condition that he reclaim the cities submitted to Henry. Gaunt's sudden decision only a few days later to abandon his plans and return to Britain that Charles took as a personal betrayal. To appease the King of Castile, he now agrees to his eldest son, Charles III of Navarre, to marry the daughter of Henry of TrastÃÆ'¡m Leonora in May 1375.

In 1377 he proposed to Britain that he would return to Normandy and place the ports and palaces he still controlled there to be used as a joint attack on France; he also proposed that his daughter marry a new British King, the young Richard II. But the threat of an attack by Castile forced Charles to remain in Navarre. Instead, he sent his eldest son to Normandy, with a number of officials, including his servant Jacques de Rue, who prepared his castles to accept English, as well as a servant whose mission was to disguise himself to the royal kitchen in Paris and to poison the King of France. Meanwhile, he urged that the British send him reinforcements from Gascony to help him fight the Castilians. But in March 1378 all his plans finally unraveled. On his way to Normandy, Navarrese's delegation was arrested at Nemours. The draft agreement and correspondence with Britain found in their trunk, along with Jacques de Rue's confession under interrogation, was all Charles V needed to send troops to northern Normandy to capture all the remaining domains of King Navarre there (April-June 1378). ). Only Cherbourg survived: Charles of Navarre begged the British to send him reinforcements there but instead they confiscated it for themselves and bundled it against France. Charles's son was handed over to the King of France and became the protagonist of the Duke of Burgundy, fighting in the French army. Jacques de la Rue and other leading Navarrese officials in France were executed.

From June to July 1378, Castile troops, led by John from TrastÃÆ'¡mara, invaded Navarre and dumped state waste. Charles II withdrew from the Pyrenees to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and in October he went to Bordeaux to appeal for military help from Sir John Neville, Lieutenant Gascony. Neville sent a small army to Navarre under Sir Thomas Trivet's knight, but English reached a bit in the winter and in February Henry of TrastÃÆ'¡mara announced his son would invade Navarre back in the spring. Had no choice or allies left behind Charles II asked for a ceasefire, and by the Briones Treaty on 31 March 1379 approved Henry's demand that he agree to be bound in a perpetual military alliance with Castile and France against England, and handed over 20 forts from southern Navarre, Tudela to the Castilian garrison.

Charles of Navarre's very slick and cunning political career is over. He defended his crown and his country but he was effectively a disgraced enemy client, he had lost his French territory and his Pyrenean region was ruined and poor by war. Though he continued to plan and even still regarded himself as the legitimate King of France, he was basically neutralized and helpless for the years that remained until his terrible death.

Marriage and children

He married Joan of France (1343-1373), daughter of king John II of France. He has the following children by Joan:

1. Marie (1360, Puente la Reina - 1400), married in Tudela on 20 January 1393 Alfonso d'Aragona, Duke of Gandia (w.1412)
2. Charles III of Navarre (1361-1425)
3. Bonne (1364 - stern 1389)
Peter, Count of Mortain (March 31, 1366, ÃÆ' â € ° vreux - c 29 July 1412, Bourges), married in AlenÃÆ'§on on April 21, 1411 Catherine of AlenÃÆ'§on (1380-1462), daughter of Peter II of AlenÃÆ'§on
4. Philip (b.1368), d. young
5. Joanna of Navarre (1370-1437), married first John IV, Duke of Brittany, married to second Henry IV of England
6. Blanche (1372-1385, Olite)

Death

Charles died in Pamplona, ​​54-year-old. His terrible death has become famous throughout Europe, and is often cited by moralists, and is sometimes depicted in chronicles of illuminated manuscripts. There are various contemporary versions that vary in detail. This is the English account of Francis Blagdon, from 1801:

Charles the Bad, having fallen into a state of decay in such a way that he could not use his limbs, consulted his physician, who ordered him to be wrapped from head to foot, with linen impregnated with brandy, so that he might be thrown [ sic ] inside it to the neck like in a sack. It's late when the drug is given. One of the palace maids, was assigned to sew the cloth of the patient, upon reaching the neck, the fixed point where he had to finish the stitches, make the knot fit the custom; but because there was still a thread left instead of cutting it as usual with a pair of scissors, he asked for help on the candle, which immediately burned the whole cloth. Out of fear, he fled, and left the king, who was thus burned alive in his own palace.

Another version states: "He is now sixty years old, and many illnesses, from his cruelty to keep his warmth, his doctor orders him to be wrapped in linen marinated in wine spirits, and his bed to be warmed by a pot of hot coals. He has been enjoying the benefits of this single recipe for some time safely, but now, as he wreaks havoc on his royal representative, "God gladly, or demons," said Froissart, "fire catches onto the sheets, and from that to his person, wrapped up as in very flammable terms. "He was afraid of burning, but lasted nearly two weeks in the most terrible suffering."

Sumber: Cassell's Illustrated History of England volume I. p. 406

Maps Charles II of Navarre

Pohon keluarga

src: c8.alamy.com

Catatan

Referensi

Sumber

• GonzÃÆ'¡lez Olle, Fernando (1987). "Reconocimiento del Romance Navarro bajo Carlos II (1350)". PrÃÆ'ncipe de Viana . Gobierno de Navarra; InstituciÃÆ'³n PrÃÆ'ncé de Viana. 1 (182). ISSNÂ 0032-8472.

Tautan eksternal

• Entri Britannica

Source of the article : Wikipedia