Looms are devices used for weaving fabrics and rugs. The basic purpose of the loom is to hold the winding yarn under pressure to facilitate the fabric of the weft thread. The exact shape of the loom and its mechanism can vary, but the basic functions are the same.
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Etimologi
The word "weaving" is derived from the Old English "geloma" formed from the ge- (perfect prefix) and " loma ", the root of the unknown origin; this means any tool or tool or machine. In 1404, it was used to decipher the machine to allow the weave of the yarn into fabric. By 1838 it had acquired a machine meaning for threads.
Maps Loom
Weaving
Weaving is done by cutting longitudinal threads, candle , which is "thrown", with transverse threads, feed , which is "woven".
The main components of the loom are round beams, umbrella nails, bridles or shafts (at least two, four are common, sixteen are not audible), shuttle, bamboo and roller pickers. In looms, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening, and recruitment operations. This is the main movement.
- Shedding . Shedding is the removal of the luscular parts to form a warehouse (vertical space between the lifted and unskilled crumpled yarns), through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted. In modern looms, simple and intricate shedding operations are carried out automatically by heddle or heald frames, also known as armor. This is a rectangular frame where a series of cables, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns passed through the eye hole on the heddle, which hang vertically from the bridle. The weave pattern specifies the control of the harness where the winding thread, and the amount of harness used depends on the fabrication complexity. The two common methods of controlling heddles are dobbies and Jacquard Head.
- Select . When the harness increases the heddle or healds, which lifts the lute yarn, the warehouse is made. Fillers are packed through a warehouse by a small carrier called a shuttle. The shuttle is usually pointing at each end to allow pass through the barn. In a traditional loom, the filling yarn is tied to a featherweight pen, which in turn is mounted on the shuttle. Fillers appear through holes in the shuttle when moving across the loom. One crossing from the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle moves back and forth across the shed, it borders edges, or little by little, on each side of the fabric to prevent the cloth from thundering.
- Scramble . Between heddles and roll takeups, warp threads pass through another frame called bamboo (which resembles a comb). Part of the fabric that has been formed but has not been rolled out on the takeup roll is called fall. After the shuttle moves across the loom that puts the filler thread, the weaver uses the bamboo to press (or whine) each filler thread against the fall. The conventional shuttle gauge can operate at around 150 to 160 picks per minute.
There are two secondary movements, because with each sowing operation, a newly constructed cloth must be wrapped around a cloth block. This process is called take. At the same time, the warp yarns must be removed or removed from the winding beam. To be fully automated, the loom requires a tertiary movement, stop charging motion. This will brake the loom if the feed yarn is broken. Automatic looms require 0.125 hp to 0.5 hp to operate.
Type of loom
Back rope loom
Simple looms rooted in ancient civilizations consist of two rods or stems in which the arch is stretched. One rod attached to the fixed object, and the other to the weaver usually with a rope on the back. In traditional looms, two main warehouses are operated by using a warehouse reel in which a set of pass warps, and continuous string heddles that wrap each warps in the other set. The weavers leaned back and used their weight to press the loom. To open a warehouse that is controlled by a string of heddles, the weaver loosens the tension on the warp and raises the heddles. Other warehouses are usually opened only by drawing a warehouse roll towards the weaver. Both simple and complex textiles can be woven in this loom. The width is limited to how far the weavers can reach from side to side to pass the shuttle. Warp faces textiles, often adorned with intricate shooting patterns woven with complementary and ancillary techniques woven by today's indigenous peoples around the world. They produce things like belts, poncho, bags, headbands and carry cloths. Additional feed patterns and brocade are practiced in many areas. A balanced weave is also possible on the backstrap loom. Currently, commercially produced backstrap looms often include rigid heds.
Weight-weighted warp
The weft loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. The earliest evidence of a weaver-weighted loom comes from sites belonging to the Star'o culture in modern-day Serbia and Hungary and from the final Neolithic site in Switzerland. This loom was used in Ancient Greece, and spread to the north and west to the rest of Europe afterwards. The decisive characteristic is the hanging weights (weaving weights) that keep the strands of the warp yarn strained. Often, extra warp threads are wrapped around the load. When a weaver has reached the bottom of the available weft, the completed part can be rolled around the top beam, and the extra length of the warp thread can be detached from the load to continue. This frees the weavers from the vertical size limitations.
Drawloom
A drawloom is a hand loom for weaving patterned fabrics. In a drawloom, a "harness figure" is used to control each of the warp threads separately. A drawloom requires two operators, a weaver and an assistant called a "drawer" to manage the number harness. The earliest confirmed drawloom fabric comes from Chu State and dated c. 400 BC. Most experts associate the discovery of drawloom with ancient China, although some have speculated independent discoveries from ancient Syria since the drawloom fabric found at Dura-Europas is thought to occur before 256 AD. Weaving looms for patterned weaving were found in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. Chinese weavers and craftsmen use multi-harness leg looms and jacquard looms for weaving silk and embroidery; both are home-based industries with imperial workshops. Chinese-made looms enhance and accelerate silk production and play an important role in Chinese silk weaving. The loom was then introduced to Persia, India, and Europe.
Handloom
Handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In the vertical loom-wooden shaft, heddle is mounted on the shaft. The warp thread passes alternately through the hedge, and through the space between the hedges, thus raising the rod causing half the thread (which passes through the hedges), and lowering the shaft lowers the same yarn - the yarn passing through the space between the cribs remains in place. This is a great invention in the 13th century.
Air Shuttle
Hand weavers can only weave cloths as wide as their armspans. If the fabric needs to be wider, two people will do the job (often this is an adult with a child). John Kay (1704-1779) patented the space shuttle in 1733. The weavers held a picking stick attached to a string on the device at both ends of the warehouse. With a wrist jerk, one cable is pulled and the plane is pushed through the shed to the other end with considerable strength, speed and efficiency. A movie in the opposite direction and the shuttle is pushed back. A single weaver has control over this movement but the space shuttle can weave a cloth that is much wider than the length of the arm at a speed much greater than that achieved with a hand-dropped plane.
The space shuttle is one of the major developments in weaving that helps fuel the Industrial Revolution. The whole movement of choosing is no longer dependent on manual skills and it is only a matter of time before it can be activated.
Haute-lisse and basse-lisse loom
The loom used to weave traditional tapestries is classified as a haute-lisse loom, in which the warp is suspended vertically between two rolls. In the i-basse-lisse loom, however, the lution extends horizontally between two rolls.
Ribbon
Traditional loom
Several other types of hand looms exist, including simple loom frames, pit looms, free-standing looms, and pegged looms. Each can be built, and provide jobs and income in developing countries.
Power looms
Edmund Cartwright built and patented an electric loom in 1785, and this was adopted by the newly born cotton industry in England. The silk looms made by Jacques Vaucanson in 1745 operate on the same principle but are not developed further. The invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay is vital to the development of a commercially successful loom. The Cartwright loom was not practical, but the idea behind it was developed by many inventors in the Manchester area of ​​England, where in 1818, there were 32 factories containing 5,732 looms.
Horrocks loom was feasible, but Roberts Weaving in 1830 marked a turning point. Additional changes to the three movements continue. Problem size, stop motion, consistent retrieval, and temple to maintain the width persists. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced a Lancashire Loom that acted alone or semi-automatically. This allows a young person to run six looms at the same time. So, for simple calicos, power loom becomes more economical to run than hand looms - with complex patterns that use dobby or Jacquard heads, work is still being done for handloom weavers until the 1870s. Additional changes were made such as Dickinson Loom, culminating in Northrop-born inventor, who worked for Draper Corporation at Hopedale producing fully automatic Northrop Loom. This loom recharges the shuttle when the pirn is empty. Draper models E and X became excellent products since 1909. They were challenged by synthetic fibers such as rayon. In 1942, Sulzer and the faster, more efficient, and more efficient rapier were introduced. Modern industrial looms can weave at 2,000 feed inserts per minute.
Feed insertion
The various types of looms most often defined by means of which feed, or select, are inserted into the warp. Many advances in feed insertion have been made to make artificial fabrics more cost-effective. There are five main types of feed insertion and they are as follows:
- Space Shuttle: The first powered loom is a space shuttle type loom. The feed roll unraveled as the plane traveled across the shed. This is very similar to the projectile weaving method, except that the feed rolls are stored in the space shuttle. These looms are considered obsolete in the modern fabric manufacturing industry as they can only reach a maximum of 300 picks per minute.
- Air jet: Air-jet looms use rapid bursts of compressed air to propel feed through the warehouse to complete the weave. Air jet is the fastest traditional method of weaving in modern industry and they are able to reach up to 1,500 picks per minute. However, the amount of compressed air required to run these looms, as well as the complexity in the way air jet installation, makes it more expensive than other looms.
- Air jet: Water-jet looms use the same principles as an air-jet loom, but they use pressurized water to encourage feed. The advantage of this type of weaving is less water power if water is directly available on site. Retrieval per minute can reach as high as 1,000.
- Rapier loom: This type of woven is very versatile, in the rapier loom it can weave using a variety of threads. There are several types of rapier, but all use a hook system affixed to a rod or metal tape to pass the picker across the shed. These machines regularly reach 700 picks per minute in normal production.
- Projectiles: Proyot looms utilize objects that are pushed across the shed, usually by spring strength, and guided across the width of the fabric with a series of reeds. The projectile is then removed from the feed fiber and returned to the opposite side of the machine so it can be reused. Several projectiles are being used to increase pick speed. The maximum speed on this machine can reach 1,050 ppm.
Shedding
Dobby looms
Dobby loom is a kind of loom on the floor that controls the entire warp thread using a dobby head. Dobby is a "draw boy" corruption that refers to a weaver's helper used to control the warp yarn by drawing a draw. The dobby loom is an alternative to the pedal loom, where several heddles are controlled by the footprint - one for each hedge.
Jacquard loom
The Jacquard weaving is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of making textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damas and matelasse. The loom is controlled by hollow cards with perforated holes, each line corresponding to a single line of design. Several hole rows are perforated on each card and many cards that make up the textile design are arranged in sequence. This is based on previous findings by the French Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728) and Jacques Vaucanson (1740) To call him a loom is wrong, the head of Jacquard can be attached to power looms or hand looms, the warp thread is raised during shedding. Some transports can be used to control the color of the feed during the fetch. The jacquard weaving is a precursor to 19th and 20th century punch card computers.
Circular loom
Circular looms are used to make seamless cloth tubes for products such as socks, sacks, clothing, cloth hoses (such as fire hoses) and the like. Circular looms may be small jigs used for circular knitting machines or large high-speed machines for modern clothing. Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles that are moved from the ground up with circular motion by electromagnets for feed yarns, and cams to control warp threads. The warps go up and down with every section of the space shuttle, unlike the common practice of lifting them all at once.
Culture Symbolism and Significance
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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