The House of Stuart , originally Stewart , is a European royal house dating from Scotland. The dynasty of Patrilineal ancestors of this dynasty has held the post of High Steward of Scotland since the 12th century, having arrived through Norman England. The Royal Line of Stewart was founded by Robert II, and they were King and Queen of Scotland from the late 14th century until union with England in 1707. Mary, Queen of Scots, grew up in France, where he adopted the French name spelling, > Stuart . His son, James VI of Scotland, inherited the throne of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Except for the Commonwealth period, 1649-1660, Stuart was king of the British Isles and his growing kingdom, until the death of Queen Anne in 1714.
In total, the nine kings of Stewart/Stuart ruled Scotland alone from 1371 to 1603. James VI of Scotland later inherited Elizabeth I of England, becoming James I of England and Ireland at Union of the Crowns. After the Great Revolution of 1688, two queens of Stuart controlled the islands: Mary II and Anne. Both are the Protestant princesses of James VII and II by his first wife. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who would be raised as a Roman Catholic and would precede his stepbrother; so James was overthrown by Parliament in 1689, for the sake of his daughter. But no children survived to adulthood, so under the provisions of the Settlement Act 1701 and the Security Act 1704, the crown was granted to the House of Hanover for the death of Queen Anne in 1714.
During the reign of Stuart, Scotland grew from a relatively poor and feudal state to a prosperous, modern, and centralized state. They reigned during a transitive period in European history between the Middle Ages, through the Renaissance, to the midpoint of the early modern period. Monarch like James IV is known to sponsor exponents of the Northern Renaissance like poet Robert Henryson, among others. After Stuart controlled the whole of Great Britain, art and science continued to flourish; William Shakespeare wrote many of his famous dramas during the Jacobean era, while institutions such as the Royal Society and Royal Mail were founded during the reign of Charles II.
Video House of Stuart
Origins
Etimologi
The name "Stewart" comes from a political office position similar to that of a governor, known as a stewardess . It was originally adopted as a family surname by Walter Stewart, 3 Scottish High Officers, who were the third member of the family to hold that position. Before this, surnames were not used, but instead they had a patronym defined through the father; such as the first two High Officials known as Fitz Alan and FitzWalter. The first gallicised spelling was borne by John Steward of Darnley after his time in the French war. During the 16th century, the French spelling Stuart was adopted by Mary, Queen of Scots, when she lived in France. He approves the change to ensure correct pronunciation of the Scottish version of the name of Stewart because maintaining the letter 'w' will make it difficult for French speakers, who follow Germany in usually rendering "" as/v/. The spelling Stuart is also used by her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; he was the father of James VI and me, so the official spelling of Stuart for the British royal family came from him.
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The origin of the Stuart family's ancestors is unclear - their ancestors might be traced back to Alan FitzFlaad, a Breton who came to Britain shortly after the Norman conquest. Alan has been a hereditary bodyguard of Bishop Dol in the Duchy of Brittany; Alan had a good relationship with the powerful Norman king, Henry I of England, who gave him land in Shropshire. The FitzAlan family quickly proved itself to be a prominent Anglo-Norman nobleman, with some members serving as the High Sheriff of Shropshire. It was the great-granddaughter of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first High Officer in Scotland, while his brother William would be the Earls of Arundel.
When the civil war in the British Empire, known as Anarchy, broke out between the legal prosecutor Matilda, the British lady and her cousin who had taken it, King Stephen, Walter sided with Matilda. Another supporter of Matilda is his uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld. After Matilda was pushed out of England to County Anjou, essentially failing in her legitimate efforts to the throne, many of her supporters in England fled too. It was then that Walter followed David into the Kingdom of Scotland, where he was given land in Renfrewshire and a title for the life of Lord High Steward. The next Scottish king, Malcolm IV, made the post of the High Officer as a hereditary setting. While High Stewards, the family was based in Dundonald, South Ayrshire between the 12th and 13th centuries.
Maps House of Stuart
History
Scottish sixth official, Walter Stewart (1293-1326), married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and also played an important role in the Battle of Bannockburn. Their son Robert is the heir of House of Bruce, Lordship of Cunningham and Bruce Bourtreehill; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371.
In 1503, James IV sought to secure peace with Britain by marrying the daughter of King Henry VII, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, then James V, brought the House of Stewart to the bloodline of the Tudor House, and the British throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, the 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1565, Darnley married his cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of James V. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, the 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox is a descendant of Alexander Stewart, the 4th Tallary of Scotland, also a descendant of James II, who is considered the heir of Mary. So Darnley also deals with Mary on her father's side and because of this relationship, Mary's heirs remain part of the Stuart Family. After John Stewart of Darnley venerated for his part at the Battle of BaugÃÆ'Â © in 1421 and land grants to him at Aubigny and Concressault, the surname Darnley Stewart was gallicised to Stuart.
Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley have a strong claim to the British throne, through their grandmother, Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the only son of James's couple as the Kings of Scotland, England and Ireland in 1603. However, this is Private Unity, because the three Kingdoms share the kingdom, but have separate governments, churches and institutions. Indeed, personal unity did not prevent armed conflict, known as the Bishop War, broke out between England and Scotland in 1639. This became part of a cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England. , Scotland and Ireland, culminating in a series of conflicts known as the Three Kingdom Wars. The trial and execution of Charles I by the British Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican rule known as the English Interregnum. Scotland initially recognized the son of the late King, who was also called Charles, as their king, before being conquered and forced into the Commonwealth of Cromwell by the colonies of General Monck. During this period, the main members of the Stuart Family lived in exile in mainland Europe. The younger Charles returned to England to take three thrones in 1660 as "Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland", but would date his rule from the death of his father eleven years earlier.
In feudal terms and dynasties, Scottish dependence on French support was revived during the reign of Charles II, whose mother was French. His brother Henrietta is married to a French royal family. Charles II did not leave legitimate children, but many of his illegitimate offspring included Duke of Buccleuch, Duke of Grafton, Duke of St Albans, and Duke of Richmond.
This French and Roman Catholic connection proved unpopular and resulted in the fall of Stuart, whose enemies were identified with Protestantism and because James VII and II alluded to the Anglican establishment by proposing tolerance not only to Catholics but to Protestant Protestants. The Great Revolution led to the overthrow of King James for the sake of his son-in-law and his daughter, William and Mary. James continued to claim the throne of England and Scotland where he was crowned, and encouraged rebellion in his name, and his grandson Charles (also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie) led a resurgence that finally failed in 1745, ironically becoming a symbol of conservative rebellion and Romanticism. Some blame the identification of the Roman Catholic Church with Stuart because of the long delay in the course of Catholic emancipation until Jacobitism (represented by the direct heir of Stuart) was put out; but that may be due to anti-Catholic prejudices embedded among the Anglican formation of England. Despite Whig's intentions of tolerance to be extended to Irish subjects, this is not Georgian Tories' preference and their failure in compromise plays the next role in Ireland's current division.
Today
The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria is the current senior heir. However, Charles II has a number of illegitimate children whose descendants still live on the male line including Charles Gordon-Lennox, the 11th Duke of Richmond; Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton; Murray Beauclerk, 14th Duke of St Albans; and Richard Scott, Duke of the 10th Buccleuch. In addition, James II's unlawful son James Fitz James, First Duke of Berwick, founded the House of FitzJames which consists of two branches, one in France and one in Spain. The last of the French branches died in 1967; the senior heir of the male offspring of James II is Jacobo Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, Duke of the 16th PeÃÆ' Â ± aranda de Duero.
List of monarchs
Scottish Monarch
British and Irish Monarchs
These kings used the title of "King/Queen of Great Britain", although the title had no legal basis until the Deed of Union 1707 came into force on 1 May 1707. By law, each of them simultaneously occupied two thrones, as "King/Queen English "and" King/Queen of Scots ".
Family tree
Round provides a family tree to embody its principal findings, adapted below.
Asal
House of Stewart
House of Stuart
Degraded from Stewarts of Darnley (Stewarts of Lennox)
See also
- Jacobitism, for more on Stuart's legitimate House, following the Great Revolution.
- John Barbour, poet and first Stewart court lineage
- List of Scottish kings
- List of English kings
- Clan Stewart
- Barony and Castle of Corsehill Stewarton in Ayrshire and Stuart connections.
- List of Stuart Family arm coats
Note
References
Source
Further reading
External links
- Stewart Scotland on the official website of the British monarchy
- Stuart Britain on the official website of the British monarchy
- Jacobites on the official website of the British monarchy
- Official website of Stewarts of Argyll
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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