Florida

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Florida ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Spanish for "flower ground") is the southernmost state adjacent in the United States. The country is bordered by the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Strait of Florida. Florida is the most extensive 22 (65,755 sq mi - 170,304 km ² ), the 3rd most populous (20,984,400 inhabitants), and the 8th densest population (384.3/sq mi-- 121.0/km ² ) from the US state. Jacksonville is the densest municipality in the largest state and city by region in the United States adjacent. The Miami metropolitan area is the most populous urban area in Florida. Tallahassee is the capital of the state.

About two-thirds of Florida occupies the peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Florida has the longest coastline in the United States adjacent, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), excluding contributions from many barrier islands. It is the only country bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Most countries are at or near sea level and are characterized by sedimentary soil. Florida has the lowest point in the U.S. state. The climate varies from subtropical to northern to tropical in the south. Alligator America, American crocodile, American flamingo, Florida panther, and manate can be found in Everglades National Park in the southern part of the state. Together with Hawaii, Florida is one of only two states that have a tropical climate, and is the only US state with a tropical climate. It is also the only US state with a coral reef called Florida Reef .

Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de LeÃÆ'³nÃ, - who named it Florida, informally La Florida ( 'flower land') after landing there in the Easter season, Pascua Florida - Florida was a challenge to European colonial powers before acquiring it in the United States in 1845 It was the main location of Seminole Wars against Native Americans, and racial segregation after the American Civil War.

Today, Florida is typical for large Cuban expatriate communities and high population growth, as well as for ever increasing environmental problems. The economy of the country depends mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which flourished in the late 19th century. Florida is also famous for amusement parks, citrus crops, winter vegetables, Kennedy Space Center, and as a popular destination for retirees.

Florida's proximity to the ocean affects many aspects of Florida culture and everyday life. Florida is a reflection of multiple influences and inheritance; African, European, indigenous, and Latino heritage can be found in architecture and cuisine. Florida has attracted many authors such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, racing cars and water sports.

Video Florida

History

In the 16th century, the earliest time in which there were historical records, Native American groups including Apalachee Florida Panhandle, North and Central Florida teucua, Ais on the central Atlantic coast, Tocobaga Tampa Bay area, Calusa from southwest Florida and Tequesta on the southeast coast.

European Arrival

Florida is the first continent of the United States to be visited and populated by Europeans. The earliest known European explorer came with Spanish conqueror Juan Ponce de LeÃÆ'³n. Ponce de LeÃÆ'³n saw and landed on the peninsula on April 2, 1513. He named the area Florida ("flower ground"). The story that he sought the Fountain of Youth was a myth and only appeared shortly after his death.

In May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto rounded the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing the thick red mangrove walls spread for miles, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with tied and tall roots making the landing difficult. The Spaniards introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, Castilian language, and more to Florida. Spain established several settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don TristÃÆ'¡n de Luna y Arellano established settlements in Pensacola now, making it the first attempt in Florida, but largely abandoned in 1561.

In 1565, the settlement of St. Augustine (San AgustÃÆ'n) was founded under the leadership of admiral and governor Pedro Menà © ndez de AvilÃÆ' © s, creating what would be one of Europe's oldest continuous settlements in the continent of the United States and building the first generation of Floridanos and the Florida Government. Spain maintains a strategic control over the region by converting local tribes into Christianity. The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a black servant free from Seville, and Miguel RodrÃÆ'guez, a white Segovian, occurred in 1565 at St. Augustine. This is the first recorded Christian marriage in the continent of the United States.

Some Spaniards married or allied with Pensacola, Creek, or African women, both slaves and free, and their descendants created a mixed population of mixed mestizos and mulattos. The Spaniards encouraged slaves from the southern English colonies to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to Catholicism. King Charles II of Spain issued a royal proclamation that freed all slaves who fled to Florida Spain and received repentance and baptism. Most go to the area around St. Augustine, but the escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. Saint Augustine had deployed a black all-black militia unit that defended Spain as early as 1683.

Florida's geographical region is reduced by the formation of British settlements in the north and French claims to the west. England attack St. Augustine, burned his city and cathedral to the ground several times. Spain built Castillo de San Marcos in 1672 and Fort Matanzas in 1742 to defend the Florida capital from attack, and maintained its strategic position in the defense of Captain General of Cuba and the West Indies of Spain.

Florida attracts many Africans and African Americans from adjacent British colonies who seek freedom from slavery. In 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano founded Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose. Augustine, a fortified city for slaves escaping to where Montiano granted citizenship and freedom in exchange for their services in the Florida militia, and became the first legally-approved black settlement in North America.

In 1763, the Spanish traded Florida to the United Kingdom of Great Britain to control Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years War. It was part of a major expansion of the British territory after their victory in the Seven Years War. Most of Floridano's inhabitants left, bringing most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon built the King's Road which connects St. Augustine to Georgia. The road across the St. Johns at a narrow point called Wacca Pilatka, or the English name of "Cow Ford", as if reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.

Britain split and consolidated the Florida provinces ( Las Floridas ) to East Florida and West Florida, a division maintained by the Spanish government after a brief British period. The British government granted land grants to officers and soldiers who fought in the French and Indian Wars to encourage settlements. To encourage settlers to move to Florida, his natural wealth report is published in the United Kingdom. A large number of British settlers described as "energetic and good characters" moved to Florida, mostly from South Carolina, Georgia and Britain. There is also a group of settlers from the Bermuda colony. It will be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The UK built a good public road and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, tilapia and fruits as well as timber exports.

As a result of this initiative northeast of Florida prospered economically in a way never undertaken under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to summon the general assembly as soon as possible to legislate for Floridas and in the meantime they, with the council's advice, to establish a court. This will be the first introduction of many of the inherited British legal systems, which still exist in Florida now including jury trials, habeas corpus and local governments. Neither East Florida nor West Florida will send a representative to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida will remain a stronghold of Loyalists during the American Revolution.

Spain recaptured East and West Florida after the British defeat in the American Revolution and the next Versailles Treaty in 1783, and continued the provincial division until 1821.

Join the United States; India Removal

The northern border defenses of Florida with the United States were small during the second Spanish period. This region became a haven for escaping slaves and a base of Indian attacks on US territory, and the United States pressured Spain for reform.

Americans of British descent and Scottish-Irish Americans began moving to northern Florida from the forests of Georgia and South Carolina. Although technically not authorized by the Spanish authorities and the Floridan government, they have never been able to effectively monitor the border areas and newcomers from the United States will continue to immigrate to Florida uncontrollably. These migrants, mixed with existing British settlers who have remained in Florida since the British period, will be the ancestors of the population known as the Florida Crackers.

The American settlers built a permanent foothold in the area and ignored the Spanish authorities. Fixed British settlers also hated the Spanish government, leading to an uprising in 1810 and a ninety-day stance of what the Independent and Independent Republic of West Florida called on 23 September. After the meeting began in June, the rebels overcame the garrison in Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled new republican flags: a white star on a blue square. This flag became known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

In 1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by the proclamation of President James Madison, who claimed the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase. These sections are incorporated into the newly formed Orleans Territory. The US annexed the West Florida Mobile District to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Spain continued to dispute the region, although the United States gradually increased the territory it occupied. In 1812, a group of Georgian settlers, with de facto support from the US federal government, attempted to overthrow the Floridan government in the province of East Florida. The settlers hoped to convince Floridans to join their struggle and proclaim independence from Spain, but the settlers lost their tenuous support from the federal government and abandoned their struggle in 1813.

Seminoles based in East Florida began robbing settlements in Georgia, and offered shelter to escaped slaves. The United States Army often led to attacks on Spanish territory, including the 1817-1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controls East Florida. Control is required according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida has become "an escape that is open to inhabit every enemy, civilized or savage, from the United States, and serves no other worldly purpose than as an outpost for them."

Florida has become a burden for Spain, who can not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to surrender its territory to the United States through the Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty, which came into force in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on 3 March 1821 to take over East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for early administration. Andrew Jackson, on behalf of the US federal government, served as military commissioner with the authority of the newly acquired territorial governor for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the US Congress incorporated East Florida and parts of West Florida to the Florida Region.

In the early 1800s, Indian displacements were a significant problem throughout the southeastern United States as well as in Florida. In 1830, the US Congress passed the Indian Elimination Act and as settlements increased, increased pressure on the US government to move Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored escaping blacks, known as Black Seminoles, and white and Indian clashes grew with the entry of new settlers. In 1832, the Payne's Landing Agreement promised to land the Seminoles west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. A lot of Seminole is left today.

Some Seminoles left, and the US Army arrived in Florida, leading to the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). After the war, about 3,000 Seminoles and 800 Black Seminoles were transferred to the Indian Territory. Several hundred Seminoles remain in Florida in the Everglades.

On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state to join the United States. The country was recognized as a slave state and ceased to be a sanctuary for escaped slaves. Initially the population grew slowly.

As European settlers continued to penetrate Seminole land, and the United States intervened to move the remaining Seminoles to the West. The Third Seminole War (1855-58) resulted in the enforced disappearance of most of the remaining Seminoles, although hundreds of Indian Seminole remain in the Everglades.

Slavery, war, and revocation of copyright

American settlers began to build cotton plantations in northern Florida, which required many workers, whom they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market. By 1860, Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were less than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War.

On January 10, 1861, almost all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved a regulation of secession, declaring Florida a "sovereign and independent nation" - a reaffirmation to the opening of the Florida Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress. became "Free and Independent State." Though not directly linked to the problem of slavery, the law declared Florida's separation from the Union, allowing it to become one of the founding members of the Confederate State, a looser state unity.

The confederation union received little help from Florida; 15,000 men on offer are usually sent elsewhere. The largest engagement in the state was the Battle of Olustee, on February 20, 1864, and the Battle of the Natural Bridge, on March 6, 1865. Both were Confederate victories. The war ended in 1865.

After the American Civil War, Florida congressional representatives were restored on June 25, 1868, though forcibly after the Radical Reconstruction and installation of unelected government officials under the federal military commander's final authority. After the Reconstruction period ended in 1876, the white Democrats regained power in the state legislature. In 1885 they created a new constitution, followed by law until 1889 which deprived most blacks and many poor whites.

Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the most populous state in the southern United States. In 1900, the population was only 528,542, of which nearly 44% were African Americans, the same proportion as before the Civil War. The boll beetle destroys the cotton plant.

Forty thousand blacks, about a fifth of their population in 1900, left the country in the Great Migration. They leave because of racial suspension and violence, and for a better chance. The deprivation of rights for most African-American citizens in the state took place until the 1960s Civil Rights Movement obtained federal law in 1965 to uphold their constitutional right protection.

20th and 21st century growth

Historically, the Florida economy is based primarily on agricultural products such as beef, sugar cane, citrus fruits, tomatoes, and strawberries.

Economic prosperity in the 1920s spurred tourism to Florida and the associated development of resort hotels and communities. Combined with the sudden increase in profile was Florida's boom in the 1920s, bringing a brief period of intense land development. The devastating storms of 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, caused the period to stop. The Florida economy did not fully recover until military buildup for World War II.

In 1939, Florida was described as "still largely an empty State." Furthermore, the increasing availability of AC, climate, and low cost of living make the country a paradise. The migration of the Rust and Northeast Belts sharply increased the Florida population after 1945. In the 1960s, many Cuban refugees who fled the communist regime of Fidel Castro arrived in Miami at the Freedom Tower, where the federal government used the facility to process, document , and provide medical assistance. and dental services for newcomers. As a result, the Freedom Tower is also called "Ellis Island of the South." In the last few decades, more migrants have come to work in developing economies.

With a population of over 18 million according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third largest country in the United States.

After Hurricane Maria destroyed Puerto Rico in September 2017, a large number of Puerto Rican residents began to move to Florida to avoid widespread destruction. Hundreds of thousands of Puerto Rican people arrived in Florida after Maria disappeared, with nearly half of them arriving in Orlando and a large population also moving to Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach.

Maps Florida

Geography

Most of Florida is on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and the Florida Strait. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into prolonged, extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered to the north by Georgia and Alabama, and to the west, at the end of the stretch, by Alabama. It is the only country bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Florida is west of the Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba. Florida is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River, and only Alaska and Michigan are larger in water territory. The water boundary is 3 nautical miles (3.5 miles, 5.6 km) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and 9 nautical miles (10 miles), 17 km) offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.

At 345 feet (105 m) above average sea level, Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest point of any US state. Most of the southern states of Orlando are located at lower altitudes than northern Florida, and quite flat. Most countries are at or near sea level. However, some places like Clearwater have promontories that increase 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) above the water. Most of Central and North Florida, usually 25 miles (40 km) or farther from the coastline, have hills ranging in height from 100 to 250 feet (30 to 76 m). The highest point on the Florida peninsula (east and south of the Suwannee River), Mount Sugarloaf, is a 312-foot (95 m) peak in Lake County. On average, Florida is the most flat country in the United States.

Climate

The Florida climate is strongly influenced by the fact that no part of the country is far from the ocean. To the north of Lake Okeechobee, the general climate is damp subtropical (KÃÆ'¶ppen: Cfa ), while the southern lakes (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen: Aw ). Means high temperatures for late July especially at 90 degrees Fahrenheit low (32-34 Â ° C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid-January range from low 40s Fahrenheit (4-7Ã, Â ° C) in northern Florida to above 60Ã, Â ° F (16Ã, Â ° C) from Miami in the south. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 Â ° F (21.5 Â ° C), this is the warmest country in the US.

In summer, high temperatures in states rarely exceed 100Ã,  ° F (38Ã,  ° C). Some of the cold maxima records have been in 30s  ° F (-1 to 4  ° C) and record lows have been in the 10s (-12 to -7  ° C). This temperature usually extends at most a few days at a time in northern and central Florida. South Florida, however, rarely finds freezing temperatures. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida is 109Ã,  ° F (43Ã,  ° C), set on June 29, 1931 in Monticello. The coldest temperature was -2  ° F (-19  ° C), on February 13, 1899, just 25 miles (40 km) away, in Tallahassee.

Due to its subtropical and tropical climate, Florida rarely receives measurable snowfall. However, on rare occasions, a combination of cold humidity and freezing temperatures can cause snowfall in the farthest north. Frost, which is more common than snow, sometimes occurs in handlers. USDA Plant resistance zone for the country range from zone 8a (no colder than 10 ° F or -12 ° C) on the western plain venturing into zone 11b (not colder than 45 ° F or 7 ° C) at The lower Florida Keys.

The Florida nickname is "Sunshine State", but bad weather is a regular occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, having experienced more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average rainfall rates in any state, largely because the afternoon lightning storms are common in many countries from late spring to early fall. The narrow east of the country including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine each year. Other states, including Miami, receive between 2,800 and 3,200 hours per year.

Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per region (when including waterspouts), but they usually do not reach their intensity in the Midwest and Great Plains. Hail often accompanies the most severe storms.

The storm poses severe threats every year during June 1st to November 30th of hurricane season, especially from August to October. Florida is the most storm-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on long coastlines. From category 4 or higher the storm that hit the United States, 83% have hit Florida or Texas.

From 1851 to 2006, Florida was hit by 114 storms, 37 of which were the main categories 3 and above. Very rarely the hurricane season passes without any impact in the state at least by tropical storms.

In 1992, Florida was the scene of the most expensive weather disaster in US history, Hurricane Andrew, which caused more than $ 25 billion in damage in August; it held that distinction until 2005, when Hurricane Katrina surpassed it, and has since been surpassed by six other hurricanes. Andrew is currently the second largest storm in Florida's history.

Hurricane Wilma, the third most expensive storm in Florida's history, made landfall on the southern island of Marco in October 2005. Wilma is responsible for about $ 21 billion in damage in Florida.

Although many tropical storms will continue to affect the country after Wilma, it will be eleven years until the next storm, Hurricane Hermine struck the country, and twelve years until the next big storm, Hurricane Irma. After destroying several Caribbean islands as one of the most powerful 5 category storms ever recorded, Irma attacked the Florida Keys as a category 4 hurricane and made the second Florida landing on Marco Island a category 3 storm.

While Irma's damages in Florida are much less than previously feared, it's still very damaging, causing at least $ 50 billion in damages to Florida alone and about $ 66.8 billion in total, including damage to many of the affected islands.

This made it the most expensive storm in Florida's history and the fifth most deadly storm ever.

Fauna

Florida is host to many types of wildlife including:

• Marine mammals: bottle nose dolphins, short-finned pilot whales, North Atlantic whales, Indian West manatees
• Mammals: Florida panther, northern ray otter, mink, eastern cottontail rabbit, rabbit bunny, raccoon, striped skunk, squirrel, white-tailed deer, Key deer, bobcats, red fox, gray fox, coyote, pig forest, Florida black bear, armadillo nine banded, Virginia opossum
• Reptiles: eastern diamondback and poisonous snakes, gopher turtles, green turtles and starfruit, and east indigo snakes. In 2012, there are about one million American crocodiles and 1,500 crocodiles.
• Birds: peregrine hawks, bald eagles, northern cemetery, snail kites, osprey, white and brown pelicans, sea gulls, whooping hoes and sandhill, sponbill roses, Florida scrub jay (endemic countries), and others. A subspecies of wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo , ie subspecies osceola , is only found in Florida. This state is a winter location for many species of eastern North American birds.
  • As a result of climate change, there are a small number of new species that usually come from the cold regions of the north: snow owls, snow buntings, harlequin ducks, and razorbills. This has been seen in the northern part of the state.
• Invertebrates: carpenter ant, termites, American cockroaches, African bees, Miami blue butterflies, and gray grasshoppers.

The only known calving area for the northern whale is off the coast of Florida and Georgia.

The original bear population has risen from historic lows of 300 in 1970, to 3,000 in 2011.

Since unintentional imports from South America to North America in the 1930s, the red-imported fire ant population has increased its territorial reach to cover most of the southern United States, including Florida. They are more aggressive than the original ant species and have a painful sting.

A number of non-native snakes and lizards have been released in the wild. In 2010, the country created a hunting season for Burmese and Indian pythons, African rock snakes, green anaconda, and Nile monitor lizards. The green iguana has also formed a company population in the southern part of the country.

There are about 500,000 wild pigs in Florida.

Florida also has over 500 nonnative animal species and 1,000 non-native insects found throughout the state. Florida is undoubtedly the only state in the United States with the most invasive species from around the world. Some exotic species living in Florida include Burmese python, green iguana, peacock bass, lionfish, rhesus macaque, Cuban tree frog, sugarcane toad, monk parakeet, tui parakeet, and more. Some of these non-native species do not threaten any native species, but some threaten native Florida species by living in the state and eating them.

Flora

There are about 3,000 different types of wildflowers in Florida. It is the third most diverse country in unity, behind California and Texas, the two larger states.

On the east coast of the state, mangrove forests usually dominate the coast from Cocoa Beach to the south; salt marshes from St. Augustine to the north. From St. Southern Augustine to Cocoa Beach, the beaches fluctuate between the two, depending on annual weather conditions.

Environmental issues

Florida is a low per capita energy user. It is estimated that about 4% of the energy in the country is generated through renewable resources. Florida energy production is 6% of total national energy output, while total pollutant production is lower, with 6% for nitrogen oxide, 5% for carbon dioxide, and 4% for sulfur dioxide.

All water sources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972.

The red tide has been a problem on the southwest coast of Florida, as well as other areas. Although there are many conjectures about the cause of the rampant algae, there is no evidence that it is caused by pollution or that there is an increase in the duration or frequency of red waves.

Florida panther is almost extinct. A record 23 killed in 2009 was dominated by a car crash, leaving about 100 individuals in the wild. The Center for Biodiversity and others have therefore called for a special protected area for panthers to be established. Manatees also die at a higher rate than their reproduction.

Most of Florida has a height of less than 12 feet (3.7 m), including many populated areas. Therefore, it is vulnerable to rising sea levels associated with global warming. Atlantic beaches of great importance to the nation's economy drift into the sea due to rising sea levels caused by climate change. The Miami beach area, close to the continental shelf, ran out of accessible offshore sand reserves.

Geology

The Florida peninsula is a highland of karst limestone located above the bedrock known as the Florida Platform. The largest deposit of potassium in the United States is found in Florida.

Underwater cave systems, drain holes, and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped by sandy soil that has been kept as an ancient beach for millions of years as global sea levels rise and fall. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and drier climates reveal a much wider peninsula, mostly savanna. The Everglades, a vast, slow flowing river covering the southern tip of the peninsula. Claims for sinkhole damage to property in the state exceeded the $ 2 billion total from 2006 to 2010.

Florida is bound to the last place as the fewest earthquakes of any US state. Earthquakes are rare because Florida is not located near the plate boundary tectonics.

Territory

Directional territory

• Central Florida
• North Florida
• Northwest Florida
• North Central Florida
• Northeast Florida
• South Florida
• Southwest Florida

Coastal Areas

• Emerald Beach
• First Coast
• Forgotten Beach
• Gold Coast
• Surf Beach/Fun Beach/Halifax Area
• Nature Beach
• Coastal Space
• Suncoast
• Treasure Beach

Metropolitan Region

• Areas of Miami/South Florida
• Tampa Bay Area
• Greater Orlando/Metro Orlando
• Greater Jacksonville/Metro Jacksonville

Other regions

• Large Curve
• Florida Heartland
• Florida Keys
• Florida Panhandle
• Everglades
• Red Hill/Tallahassee Hill
• Ten Thousand Islands
• I-4 Corridor

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Demographics

Population

The US Census Bureau estimates that the Florida population is 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015, an increase of 7.82% since the US Census 2010. The Florida population at the 2010 census is 18,801,310. Florida is the seventh fastest growing country in the US in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012. In 2010, the Florida population center is located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The population center has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) east and about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census. Its population exceeded 19.7 million in December 2014, surpassing New York state population for the first time.

Florida contains the highest percentage of people above 65 (17%). There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008. About two-thirds of the population was born in another state, the second highest in the US.

In 2010, undocumented immigrants constituted approximately 5.7% of the population. This is the sixth highest percentage in any U.S. state. There are about 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010.

A 2013 Gallup poll shows that 47% of the population agrees that Florida is the best country to live. Results in other countries ranged from a low of 18% to a 77% high.

Settlements

The largest metropolitan area in the state as well as across the southeastern United States is the Miami metropolitan area, with about 6.06 million people. The Tampa Bay area, with more than 3.02 million people, is the second largest; Orlando metropolitan area, with more than 2.44 million people, is the third; and the metropolitan area of ​​Jacksonville, with over 1.47 million people, is the fourth.

Florida has 22 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) determined by the Office of Management and Budget of the United States (OMB). 43 of the 67 districts in Florida are within the MSA.

The official name in Florida for city, city or village is "municipality". In Florida there is no legal distinction between city, village and city.

In 2012, 75% of the population lives within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.

Ancestor

Hispanics and Latinos of each race comprise 22.5% of the population in 2010. In 2011, 57% of Florida's population younger than age 1 was a minority (meaning that they had at least one non-Hispanic non-white parent).

In 2010, 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves only Americans (regardless of race or ethnicity). Many of them are of British or Scottish-Irish descent; However, their families have been living in the country for so long, so they choose to identify as "American" ancestors or do not know their ancestors. In the 1980 census of the United States, the largest group of ancestors reported in Florida was the English with 2,232,514 Floridians who claimed they were from England or most of British American descent. Some of their ancestors returned to thirteen original colonies.

In 2010, people (non-Hispanic white) of European descent accounted for 57.9% of the Florida population. From 57.9%, the largest group was 12.0% Germany (2,212,391), 10.7% Ireland (1,979,058), 8.8% UK (1,629,832), 6.6% Italy (1,215,242), 2.8% Poland (511,229), and 2.7% of France (504,641). White Americans from all European backgrounds are present in all states of the country. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were almost 80% of the Florida population. The people of British and Irish descent are present in large numbers in all urban/suburban areas across the state. Some genuine whites, especially those from older Florida families, can call themselves "Florida chips"; others see the term as an insult. Like white people in most other southern states, they are mainly from British and Scottish-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers.

In 2010, Hispanic or Latino people accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of the Florida population. Of the 22.5%, the largest group is 6.5% (1.213.438) Cuba, 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rico, 3.3% (629,718) Mexico, and 1.6% (300,414) Colombia. The Florida Hispanic population includes large American Cuban communities in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Rico in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more prosperous and mobile. In 2011, 57.0% of Florida's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cuba and Puerto Rico being the largest group in the state. Nearly 80% of American Cubans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is an old and prosperous Cuban community. Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest growth in the country. Puerto Rico is wider throughout the state, although the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of ​​Central Florida.

In 2010, people of African descent accounted for 16.0% of the Florida population, which included African Americans. Of the 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) were Western Indian or African American. During the early 1900s, blacks made up almost half of the state population. In response to segregation, deprivation, and agricultural depression, many African-Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again beginning in the later 1940s. They move for jobs, better education for their children and opportunities to choose and participate in society. In 1960 the proportion of African-Americans in the state declined by 18%. Instead a large number of northern white people moved to the state. Today, large concentrations of black occupants can be found in northern and central Florida. In addition to blacks sent down from African slaves brought to the southern US, there are also large numbers of blacks from West India, Africa recently, and Afro-Latin, especially in the Miami/South Florida area.

By 2016, Florida has the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States at 4.5%, with 2.3% (483,874) of Haitian ancestors, 1.5% (303,527) Jamaicans, and 0.2% (31,966) Bahamas, with other Western Indian groups making up the rest.

In 2010, Asian ancestors accounted for 2.4% of Florida's population.

Languages ​​

In 1988, English was affirmed as the official language of the state in the Constitution of Florida. Spanish is also widely used, especially as immigration has continued from Latin America. Twenty percent of the population speaks Spanish as their first language. Twenty-seven percent of Florida residents report speaking in a mother tongue other than English, and more than the first 200 languages ​​other than English are spoken at home in the state.

The language most commonly used in Florida as the first language in 2010 is:

• 73% Ã, - English
• 20% Ã, - Spanish
• 2% Ã, - Haitian Creole
• The other language comprises less than 1% spoken by a state population

Religion

Florida is largely Christian, though there is a large and irreligious and relatively large Jewish community. The Protestant population is almost half the population, but the Catholic Church is the largest single denomination in the state mainly because of its large Hispanic population and other groups such as Haiti. Protestants vary greatly, although Baptists, Methodists, Pentecostals and non-Dondenominational Protestants are the largest group. There is also a large Jewish community in South Florida. It is the largest Jewish population in the southern US and the third largest in the US behind the people of New York and California.

In 2010, the three largest denominations in Florida were the Catholic Church, Southern Baptist Convention, and United Methodist Church.

The Pew Research Center survey in 2014 provides the following religious structure of Florida:

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Government

The basic structure, tasks, functions and operations of the Florida state government are defined and defined by the Florida Constitution, which establishes the basic law of the state and ensures the rights and freedoms of the people. State government consists of three branches: judicial, executive, and legislative. The legislature enacted a bill, which, if signed by the governor, becomes law.

The Florida legislature consists of the Florida Senate, which has 40 members, and the Florida House of Representatives, which has 120 members. The current Florida governor is Rick Scott. The Florida Supreme Court consists of Supreme Court Justices and six Supreme Court Judges.

Florida has 67 districts. Some reference materials may only show 66 because Duval County is consolidated with the City of Jacksonville. There are 379 cities in Florida (from 411) that report regularly to the Florida Revenue Department, but there are other united cities that do not. The main state revenue source is sales tax. Florida does not impose personal income tax. The main source of income for cities and districts is property taxes; Unpaid taxes are subject to tax sales held (at the district level) in May and (due to extensive use of online bidding sites) are very popular.

There are 800 federal corruption convictions from 1988 to 2007, more than any other country.

History of the election

From 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered as Democrats, but the state elected a Republican presidential candidate in every election except in 1964. The following year, Congress was enacted and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the 1965 Constitution Act, which provides oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional constitutional right for African Americans and other minorities to prevent discrimination and disenfranchisement that has sidelined most of them for decades from the political process.

From the 1930s to much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who, along with other Democrats of "Solid South," had considerable control in Congress. They earn little federal money from national programs rather than paying taxes. Since the 1970s, conservative white voters in the state have shifted from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. Although the majority of registered voters in Florida are Democrats. It continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when Democratic nominees came from the "South".

In the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, Barack Obama brought the state as a northern Democrat, attracting high voter turnout especially among young, Independent, and minority voters, among whom Hispanics consisted of an increasing proportion. 2008 marks the first time since 1932, when Franklin D. Roosevelt brought the country, that Florida was brought in by North Democrats for the presidency.

The Republican's first post-Reconstruction era for Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes are taking place. In this period, African-Americans are still deprived of their rights by state constitutions and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century they had formed most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from the northern and central western states. In 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in a chaotic election. In 1968, Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected the first US Senator of post-Republican reconstruction. In 1970 the Democrats took on the open US Senate governors and seats, and maintained dominance for years.

Since the mid-20th century, Florida has been regarded as a bellwether, casting a vote for 13 successful presidential candidates since 1952. He chose the losers only three times.

In 1998, Democratic voters dominated state territories with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known as "snowbirds". South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by racial minorities and white liberals. Therefore, this area has consistently voted as one of the most democratic areas in the state. The Daytona Beach region is similar in demography and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population, which is often favored Democrats. The Republicans, made up largely of white conservatives, have dominated most of the rest of Florida, particularly in rural and suburban areas. This is the characteristic of his electorate base throughout the South End.

The rapidly growing area of ​​the I-4 corridor, which flows through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had quite a lot of Republican and Democratic ballots. This area is often seen as a point of incorporation of the northern part of a conservative state and a liberal southern portion, making it the largest swing region in the state. Since the end of the 20th century, voting results in this area, which contain 40% of Florida voters, often determine who will win the state of Florida in the presidential election.

The Democrats have retained excellence in voter registrations, across states and in 40 of the 67 districts, including the Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach regions, three of the most populous states.

The 2000 election to present

In 2000, George W. Bush won the US Presidential election by a margin of 271-266 at Electoral College. Of 271 electoral votes for Bush, 25 were cast by Florida voters. The Florida outcome was contested and the recount was ordered by the court, with the results resolved in a court decision.

The rest following the US Census 2010 gave the country two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislative redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, arguing that it was unfair to favor the interests of the Republic. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that congressional districts should be redrawn due to legislative violations of the Fair District Amendment to the state constitution adopted in 2010; it received a new map in early December 2015.

The political arrangements of congressional and legislative districts have allowed the Republican Party to control the governorship and most of the statewide elective offices, and 17 of the 27 state seats in the House of Representatives 2012. Florida has been listed as a state swing in Presidential elections since 1950, casting votes for a candidate who lost once in that time period.

In the tightly contested 2000 elections, the state plays a very important role. Of the more than 5.8 million votes for the two main rivals Bush and Al Gore, about 500 votes separate the two candidates for Florida voter elections that determine the winner's election. Florida's law of revocation of human rights is more severe than most European countries or other American countries. A 2002 study at the American Sociological Review concluded that "if 827,000 citizens lifting lives have voted at the same level as other Floridians, Democrat Al Gore's candidate will win Florida - and the presidency - by more than 80,000 sound. "

In 2008, delegates from both Florida Republican primary elections and Florida Democratic primary elections were stripped of half of their votes when the convention met in August for violations of the national rules of both parties.

In the 2010 elections, the Republic established their statewide domination, winning the governor's home, and maintaining a strong majority in both state legislative assemblies. They won four seats previously held by the Democrats to form a majority-19-6 delegation representing Florida in the federal Assembly.

In 2010, more than 63% of the country's voters approved the 5th and 6th Amendments against the state constitution, to ensure justice in the region. This has been known as the Fair District Amendment. As a result of the 2010 US Census, Florida secured two seats in the House of Representatives in 2012. The legislature issued a revision of the congressional districts in 2012, immediately challenged in court by proponents of the above amendments.

The court ruled in 2014, after long testimony, that at least two districts should be redrawn due to conspiracy. After this was filed, in July 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled that MPs had followed illegal and unconstitutional processes that were too influenced by interested parties, and decided that at least eight districts should be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, the 5-2 majority of Courts received new maps of congressional districts, some of which were withdrawn by the challengers. Their verdict confirmed a map previously approved by Leon County Judge Leon Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It mainly makes a change in South Florida. There may be additional challenges on maps and districts.

According to The Punishment Project, the effect of Florida's law on human rights abolition is such that in 2014, "[m] ore from one in ten Floridians - and almost one in four African-Americans Floridians - is closed from opinion polls because of crime convictions ", even though they have completed sentences and parole/trial conditions.

Statute

The state lifted mandatory automated inspections in 1981.

In 1972, the state created an automated personal protection insurance for drivers, becoming the second in the country to enact a flawless insurance law. The ease of receiving payments under this law is seen as accelerating major increases in insurance fraud. Auto insurance fraud was the highest in the country in 2011, estimated at nearly $ 1 billion. Fraud is mainly centered in the metropolitan area and Tampa Miami-Dade.

Law enforcement

Florida ranks fifth most dangerous country in 2009. Ranking is based on heavy crime records conducted in 2008. This state is the sixth highest country in 2010. This is the first ranking mortgage fraud in 2009.

In 2009, 44% of road deaths involved alcohol. Florida is one of the seven countries that prohibit an open handgun carry. This law was passed in 1987.

According to the Federal Trade Commission, Florida has the highest per capita rates of both reported fraud and other types of complaints including identity theft complaints.

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Economy

In the twentieth century, tourism, industry, construction, international banking, biomedical science and life, health research, simulation training, aerospace and defense, and commercial space travel have contributed to the country's economic development.

Florida's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2016 is $ 926 billion. Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States. In 2010, it became the fourth largest exporter of merchandise. Major contributors to gross output of the country in 2007 were general services, financial services, commerce, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively. In 2010-11, the state budget was $ 70.5 billion, having reached a high of $ 73.8 billion in 2006-07. Chief Executive Magazine named Florida the third "Best Country for Business" in 2011.

The economy is driven almost entirely by nineteen of its metropolitan areas. In 2004, they had a combined total of 95.7% of the country's domestic product.

Personal earnings

In 2011, Florida's personal per capita income was $ 39,563, ranked 27th in the country. In February 2011, the country's unemployment rate was 11.5%. Florida is one of seven countries that do not impose personal income taxes.

The Florida Constitution sets the country's inflation-adjusted minimum wage every year. On January 1, 2017, Florida's minimum wage is $ 5.08 for end position , and $ 8.10 for a non-tipped position, which is higher than the $ 7 federal rate , 25.

Florida has 4 cities in the top 25 cities in the US with the most credit card debt. The state also has the second highest credit card delinquency rate, with 1.45% of card holders in the state more than 90 days in arrears on one or more credit cards.

There are 2.4 million Floridians living in poverty in 2008. 18.4% of children aged 18 years and younger live in poverty. Miami is the sixth poorest city in the United States. In 2010, more than 2.5 million Floridians were in food stamps, up from 1.2 million in 2007. To qualify, the Floridians had to make up less than 133% of the federal poverty rate, which would be under $ 29,000 for a family of four.

Real estate

At the beginning of the 20th century, land speculators discovered Florida, and entrepreneurs like Henry Plant and Henry Flagler developed a rail system, which encouraged people to move, attracted by the weather and the local economy. Since then, tourism has exploded, sparking a development cycle that flooded many farms.

Due to huge payments by the insurance industry as a result of the 2004 storm claim, homeowners insurance has increased 40% to 60% and deductibles have increased.

By the end of the third quarter of 2008, Florida had the highest mortgage rate mortgage in the US, with 7.8% mortgage delinquent at least 60 days. The 2009 list of national housing markets hit hard in real estate accidents including a disproportionate amount in Florida. The early 21st century building explosion left Florida with 300,000 empty homes in 2009, according to country figures. In 2009, the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average of 49.1% of personal income for housing-related costs, the third-highest percentage in the US.

In the third quarter of 2009, there were 278,189 loan arrears, 80,327 foreclosures. Existing home sales for February 2010 were 11,890, up 21% from the same month in 2009. Only two metropolitan areas showed a decline in homes being sold: Panama City and Brevard County. The average selling price for existing homes was $ 131,000, a 7% decline from a year earlier.

Tourism

If you can not find something to do in Florida, you're just bored...

Tourism is one of the largest sectors of the country's economy, with nearly 1.4 million people working in the tourism industry by 2016 (a record for the country, exceeding 1.2 million jobs from 2015). By 2015, Florida broke 100 million visitors for the first time in state history by recording a record 105 million visitors and breaking records in 2016 with 112.8 million tourists; Florida has set the record of tourism for six consecutive years.

Many coastal cities are popular tourist destinations, especially during winter and spring, although activist David Hogg has called for a statewide boycott by 2018 unless state legislators pass substantive weapons reforms. Twenty-three million tourists visited the Florida coast in 2000, spending $ 22 billion. Communities have rights to coastal access under the doctrine of public trust, but some areas have access that is effectively blocked by private owners for long distances.

Amusement parks, especially in the Greater Orlando area, are an important part of tourism. Walt Disney World Resort is the most visited vacation resort in the world with over 50 million annual visitors, comprising four theme parks, 27 resort-themed resorts, 9 non-Disney hotels, two water parks, four golf courses and other recreational areas. Other major amusement parks in this area include Universal Orlando Resort, SeaWorld Orlando and Tampa Busch Gardens.

Agriculture and fishing

Agriculture is the second largest industry in the state. Citrus fruits, especially oranges, are a major part of the economy, and Florida produces the bulk of citrus fruits grown in the United States. In 2006, 67% of all oranges, 74% oranges, 58% tangerines, and 54% grapefruit were grown in Florida. Approximately 95% of commercial orange production in the state is intended for processing (mostly as orange juice, official state drink).

Orange oranges continue to be a matter of concern. From 1997 to 2013, the growth of orange trees has decreased by 25%, from 600,000 hectares (240,000 hectares) to 450,000 hectares (180,000 ha). Orange refractory disease can not be cured. A study states that it has caused a $ 4.5 billion loss between 2006 and 2012. By 2014, it is a major agricultural problem.

Other products include sugarcane, strawberries, tomatoes, and celery. The state is the largest producer of sweet corn and green beans for the US.

The Everglades Farm Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture, especially water pollution, is a big problem in Florida today.

In 2009, fisheries were a $ 6 billion industry, employing 60,000 jobs for sport and commercial purposes.

Industry

Florida is the leading country for the sale of powerboats. Vessel sales totaled $ 1.96 billion by 2013.

Mine

Phosphate mining, concentrated in the Bone Valley, is the country's third largest industry. The country produces about 75% of the phosphate needed by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world's supply, with about 95% being used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for animal feed supplements) and 5% for other uses. product.

Following the events of the Andrew Storm Watershed in 1992, the state of Florida began to invest in economic development through the Office of Trade, Tourism and Economic Development. Governor Jeb Bush realized that events in the river basin like Andrew had a negative impact on Florida's backbone tourism industry. The office is directed to target Medicine/Bio-Sciences among others. Three years later, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it has chosen Florida for its latest expansion. In 2003, TSRI announced plans to set up a major science center in Palm Beach, a 364,000 square foot facility (33,800 m) on 100 hectares (40 ha), planned to be occupied by TSRI in 2006.

Government

Since the development of the NASA Merritt Island launch site at Cape Canaveral (especially Kennedy Space Center) in 1962, Florida has developed a sizable aerospace industry.

The other major economic engine in Florida is the United States military. There are 24 military bases in the state, housing three United Combat Command; United States Central Command in Tampa, United States Southern Command at Doral, and US Special Operations Command in Tampa. A total of 109,390 US military personnel stationed in Florida, contributing, directly and indirectly, $ 52 billion per year to the country's economy.

In 2009, there were 89,706 federal workers working in the country. Tens of thousands more employees work for contractors who have federal contracts, including those who have a military.

In 2012, governments at all levels are the top employers in all districts in the state, as this classification includes public school teachers and other school staff. The school board employs nearly 1 out of every 30 workers in the state. The federal military is the top employer in three counties.

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Harbor

Florida has many ports serving container ships, tankers, and cruise lines. Major ports in Florida include Port Tampa Bay in Tampa, Port Everglades in Fort Lauderdale, Port of Jacksonville in Jacksonville, PortMiami in Miami, Port Canaveral in Brevard County, Port Manatee in Manatee County and Port of Palm Beach on the Riviera Beach. The world's three busiest cruise harbors are found in Florida with PortMiami as the busiest port and Port Canaveral and Port Everglades as the second and third busiest. While Gulf Port Tampa is the largest

Source of the article : Wikipedia