The culture of Portugal is the result of the different streams of civilizational complexes over the last millennium. From prehistoric cultures to pre-Roman civilizations (such as the Lusitanian, Gallaeci, Celtici, and Cynetes, among others), passed through contact with the Roman-Phoenician-Carthage world of Rome (see Hispania, Lusitania and Gallaecia), Germanic invasions and consequent settlements Suebi and Buri (see the Kingdom of Suebi) Visigoths (see the Visigothic Kingdom), Viking attacks, Sephardic Jews, and finally, Umayyad Moor of Hispania invasion and subsequent exile, during Reconquista, All have made a mark on the culture and history of the country.
The Portuguese name itself reveals much of the early history of the country, derived from the Roman name Portus Cale, Latin name meaning "Port of Cale" (some argue that Cale is a Celtic origin - Cailleach -Blue the other name, the goddess Mother of the Celtic people such as Calais, Caledonia, Beira He is a man who, with a hammer creates mountains and valleys, people hiding in rocks and trees - Mother Nature), then turns to Portucale and finally to Portugal , which emerged as the territory of LeÃÆ'³n Kingdom of Portugal) and became an independent kingdom in 1139. For 15 and 16 centuries, Portugal was the major economic, political and cultural power, its global empire stretching from Brazil to the Indies, as well as Macau and Japan.
Portugal, as a country with a long history, is home to some ancient architectural structures, as well as art, furniture and a distinctive literary collection that reflects and records the events that shape the country and its people. It has a large number of cultural landmarks ranging from museums to ancient church buildings to medieval palaces, which testify to its rich national cultural heritage. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranked 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.
Video Culture of Portugal
Overview
The Portuguese participated in many cultural activities, indulging their appreciation of art, music, drama, and dance. Portugal has rich traditional folklore ( Ranchos FolclÃÆ'³ricos ), with large regional variations. Many cities and towns have museums and collections of ancient monuments and buildings. Many cities have at least a cinema, several places to listen to music and locations to see arts and crafts. In big cities visit to the theater, concerts or galleries of modern exhibitions are very popular, and Portugal can boast not only international places in Lisbon, Porto, Braga, GuimarÃÆ' Â £ es and Coimbra but also many renowned artists from various disciplines. The importance of art is illustrated by the fact that at the death of AmÃÆ'¡lia Rodrigues, "Queen of Fado" (fado is the national music of Portugal) in October 1999, three days of national mourning were announced. In 1998, JosÃÆ'Ã… © Saramago, one of the famous writers of Portugal, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Lisbon (1994), Porto (2001) and GuimarÃÆ' Â £ es (2012) are all designated as the Capital of European Culture, contributing to a revival in artistic creations, and in 2004 Portugal hosted the final of European football in a specially built stadium.
In smaller towns and villages, cultural activity may revolve around local folklore, with musical groups performing traditional dances and songs. Local celebrations are very popular during the summer in all types of areas ranging from village to town, as well as beach holidays from July to September. The Portuguese in almost all major cities and towns want to know where they are generally equipped with modern facilities and offer a variety of attractions ranging from famous brand stores and shops to cinemas, restaurants and hypermarkets. Culture Cafà ©  © also considered an important cultural features of the Portuguese. As the most popular sport, football events involving Portugal's main teams are always followed by high enthusiasm. There are a number of bullring in Portugal, although the desire for bullfighting varies from region to region.
Maps Culture of Portugal
Architecture
Since the second millennium BC, there is important construction in the area where Portugal is located today. Portugal offers several medieval castles, as well as the ruins of several villas and fortifications from the Celtic and Roman occupation periods. The modern Portuguese architecture follows the most advanced trend seen in the mainstream European architecture without constraints, although it preserves some single characteristics. Azulejo and the Portuguese sidewalk are two typical elements of Portuguese architecture. Portugal is perhaps best known for its distinctive Late-Gothic Manueline architecture, with its rich and intricate design associated with the Age of Discoveries of Portugal. Another type of architecture is Baroque Johannine. It has this name because it was developed during the reign of King John V, which lasted for 44 years. Thanks to Brazilian gold, foreign artists, such as Nicolao Nasoni, King John V, were ordered to perform various works of art. The creation of Portuguese artists can be seen on the altar panel and gold-plated, blue and white tiles, which adorn churches, halls, stairs, and gardens. During this period it was built in Portugal in the great artworks: the Monastery and Monastery Monastery of the Mafra, the Clergy Tower, the Baroque Library, the Church and the stairs of the Bom Jesus de Braga, the Temple of Our Lady Remedies in Lamego, the Palace and the Port of Ash Solar de Mateus in Vila Real.
Dance
The folk dances include: Dance Circle, Fandango (from Ribatejo area), Two Steps of Waltz, Schottische (ChotiÃÆ'§a), Corridinho (Algarve and Estremadura Territories), Vira (Minho Region), Bailarico, Vareirinha, MalhÃÆ' Â £ o, Vareira, Maneio, Vira de Cruz, Vira Solto, Vira de Macieira, Sapatinho, Tau-Tau, Ciranda, ZÃÆ'Ã… © que Fumas, Regadinho, O Pedreiro and ÃÆ' â € Å"Ti Taritatu. There is also a variation of these dances called Chamarita in the Azores. Dance outfits vary greatly, ranging from shirts to the best Sunday, with rich people distinguished from the poor.
Movies
In the 1990s about 10 long works of fiction were produced per year, Portuguese filmmakers tend to be craftsmen. The funding of Portuguese cinema is by state grants and from television stations. The internal market is very small and Portuguese penetration in the international market is quite precarious. A film is considered a success when it attracts more audiences than some Portuguese films have achieved.
Director Manoel de Oliveira is the world's oldest director, and continues filming until his death on April 2, 2015, at the age of 106 years. Since 1990 he made an average of one film per year. He has received international recognition awards and won the respect of cinematographic communities around the world. His retrospective works have been featured at the Los Angeles Film Festival (1992), National Art Gallery in Washington, D.C. (1993), the San Francisco Film Festival, and the Cleveland Museum of Art (1994). Despite its international recognition, Oliveira's films (and other Portuguese directors) were ignored locally.
JoÃÆ'Â £ o CÃÆ'Ã… © sar Monteiro, a member of the generation that founded the 1960s "New Portuguese Cinema" influenced by Nouvelle Vague, the provocative filmmaker of the 1990s made "O ÃÆ'Å¡ltimo Mergulho" (1992), " A ComÃÆ'Â © dia de Deus "(1995)," Le Bassin de John Wayne "(1997) and" As Bodas de Deus "(1998). "A ComÃÆ'Â © dia de Deus" won a Special Prize of the Jury at the Venice Film Festival in 1995.
Teresa Villaverde is a younger filmmaker and in the 1990s she appeared as a director, her film (Tris> Tronica's 1994) won the best actress award at the Venice Film Festival.
Significant comedies of the 1930s and 1940s include: A CanÃÆ'§ÃÆ'  £ o de Lisboa (1933) directed by JosÃÆ'  © Cottinelli Telmo, starring Vasco Santana and Beatriz Costa, the film features a second Portuguese sound (first is A Severa, a 1931 documentary by Manoel de Oliveira, originally filmed without the soundtrack, which was added afterwards), and is still one of the most favored films in Portugal, with some songs and still songs quoted today; O Pai Tirano (lit. The Tyrant Father) (1941), directed by AntÃÆ'³nio Lopes Ribeiro, starring Vasco Santana, Francisco Ribeiro and Leonor Maia and one of the most famous comedies of the Golden Age of Portuguese Cinema; O PÃÆ'¡tio das Cantigas (lit. The Courtyard of Songs), a comedy/musical from 1942, directed by Francisco Ribeiro, with Vasco Santana (as Narciso), AntÃÆ'³nio Silva (as Evaristo), Francisco Ribeiro (like Rufino) and others. This portrait of relations between neighbors in the Lisbon courtyard. A story made from a small episode of humor, companionship, competition, and love.
Latest Movies
The crime of Padre Amaro was the Portuguese film (2005) adapted from the book EÃÆ'§a de Queiroz, directed by Carlos Coelho da Silva. This is a low-quality production sponsored by Sociedade Independente de ComunicaÃÆ'§ÃÆ' £ o (television channel). Even so, the film beat all the box-office records of all Portuguese films in Portugal. The main characters are Jorge Corrula as Padre Amaro and Soraia Chaves as Amà © à © lia, and the main ingredients of this film are sex and nudity.
Zone A: is a Portuguese drama/romance film directed by Leonel Vieira in 1998, starring SÃÆ'lvia Alberto, Ana Bustorff, NÃÆ'ºria Madruga, Milton Spencer, and FÃÆ' Â © lix Fontoura.
(The Trunk) disutradarai Fernando Fragata, dibintangi oleh Héder Mendes, António Feio, Adelaide de Sousa, Rui Unas, Isabel Figueira, Bruno Nogueira, Carla Matadinho, Tânia Miller dan ZÃ © Pedro.
Alice directed by Marco Martins and starring Beatriz Batarda, Nuno Lopes, Miguel Guilherme, Ana Bustorff, Laura Soveral, Ivo Canelas, Carla Maciel, Josà © Wallenstein and Clara Andermatt is a multi-prize film from 2005. Has won prizes at the Cannes Film Festival; Las Palmas Festival in Spain; Golden Globes in Portugal; The Mar del Plata International Film Festival in Argentina, the Raindance Film Festival in the UK and various other prizes.
Films or Movie unrest from unrest directed by Joà £ o Botelho, starring ClÃÆ'¡udio da Silva, Alexandra Lencastre, Rita Blanco, Catarina Wallenstein, Margarida Vila-Nova, MÃÆ'³nica Calle, Marcello Urgeghe and Ricardo AIBA  © in 2010. Inspired by Fernando Pessoa's book.
Meu Querido MÃÆ'ªs de Agosto directed by Miguel Gomes is a hybrid fiction/documentary film from 2009 that achieved some visibility at the Cannes Film Festival.
Taboo directed by Miguel Gomes starring Ana Moreira, Carloto Cotta, Ivo Mueller, Laura Soveral, Manuel Mesquita, Isabel MuÃÆ'Â ± oz Cardoso, Henrique EspÃÆ'rito Santo, and Teresa Madruga. The film won two prizes at the Berlin International Film Festival 2012 and two others at the Las Palmas Festival in Spain.
Rafa , a short film directed by JoÃÆ'Â £ Salaviza, starring Rodrigo PerdigÃÆ' Â £ o and Joana de Verona. The film has won the best short film is the Berlin International Film Festival 2012.
The Arena , directed by JoÃÆ'Â £ Salaviza starring Carloto Cotta, won the 2009 Cannes Film Golden Festival for the best short film.
Sangue do meu Sangue directed by JoÃÆ'Â £ o Canijo, starring Rita Blanco, Nuno Lopes, Cleia Almeida, Anabela Moreira, Rafael Morais and Fernando LuÃÆ's. Is a multi-award movie from 2012 that won prizes at: Auteur international cinema festival from Barcelona; Miami Festival, Pau Festival in France; New Vision Award for Crossing European Festival in Austria; San Sebastin Festival; Otra Mirada Prize by TVE channel in Spain; Faial Film Festival in Portugal; Golden Globes in Portugal; Auteur Portuguese Society in Portugal and Portuguese ways of film in Coimbra, Portugal.
Bara  £ o directed by Edgar PÃÆ'ªra, starring Nuno Melo, Costa Gomes, Leonor Keil, Edgar PÃÆ'ªra, Albuquerque Marina, Miguel Serma and Marcos Barbosa in 2010.
Cuisine
Food
Each region in Portugal has its own traditional dishes, including various kinds of meat, seafood, fresh fish, dried and salted cod ( bacalhau ), and the famous Cozido ÃÆ' Portuguesa Portuguese soup).
Alcoholic drinks
Portugal is a wine-loving country and wine-maker, known since the era of the Roman Empire; the Romans immediately linked Portugal with God of Wine Bacchus. Today, many Portuguese wines are known as some of the best in the world: Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do DÃÆ'Â £ o, Vinho Verde, RosÃÆ'Â © and sweet: Port wine (Vinho do Porto, literally Porto wine) , Madeira wine, Muscatel from SetÃÆ'ºbal, and Moscatel of Favaios. Beer is also widely consumed, with the biggest national beer brands are Sagres and Super Bock. Drinks, such as Licor BeirÃÆ'Â £ o and Ginjinha, are very popular.
Literature
Portuguese literature has evolved since the 12th century from the lyrical works of JoÃÆ'Â £ o Soares de Paiva, Paio Soares de Taveiró and King D.Dinis. They mostly write from Portuguese-Portuguese and oral traditions known as "Cantigas de amor e amigo" and "Cantigas de escÃÆ'¡rnio e maldizer" , sung by the Troubadours who first and last by jograis.
After chroniclers like Fernà  £ Lopes after the fifteenth century, fiction has its roots in history and history with the theater, following Gil Vicente, the father of Portuguese theater, whose work was critical of the society of his time.
Classical lyrical texts include Os LusÃÆ'adas , by LuÃÆ's de CamÃÆ'Âμes which is an epic book on Portuguese history and has Greek mythological elements if from the 16th century. This is the national epic of Portugal.
Romantisme dan Realisme periode penulis abad ke-19 termasuk Antero de Quental, Almeida Garrett, Camilo Pessanha, Camilo Castelo Branco, dari Queiroz Eça, Alexandre Herculano, Ramalho Ortiga  £ o, JÃÆ'ºlio Dinis dan lain-lain.
Portuguese modernism is found in the works of Fernando Pessoa, JosÃÆ'Â © RÃÆ'Ã… © gio, Miguel Torga, MÃÆ'¡rio de SÃÆ'-Carneiro and others.
After the Flower Revolution in 1974, the Portuguese community, after decades of repression, regained freedom of speech.
JosÃÆ'Â © Saramago received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998.
Herberto HÃÆ'Ã… © is a highly regarded young poet in Portugal from a new wave of writers such as Valter Hugo MÃÆ' £ e, JosÃÆ'Ã… © LuÃÆ's Peixoto, GonÃÆ'§alo M. Tavares, Jorge Reis-SÃÆ'¡, Maria Antonieta Preto, Josà ©  © Ricardo Pedro and others.
Music
Polyphonic music, using several vowel sections in harmony, developed in the 15th century. Renaissance cultivates a rich output of compositions for solo and ensemble instruments as well as for sound.
The 1960s began a period of expansion and innovation with pop, rock and jazz introduced and evolving, developed political songs, Lisbon fado and revitalized Coimbra. Music from former colonies occupied an increasingly important place in the musical life of the capital and local style of rap and hip hop appeared.
The modern revival of academic music is mainly the work of LuÃÆ's de Freitas Branco, and continued by Joly Braga Santos. Composers such as António Victorino de Almeida, Jorge Peixinho, Miguel Azguime, Pedro Amaral, and JoÃÆ'Â £ o Pedro Oliveira are internationally known. The orchestra includes Orquestra SinfÃÆ'³nica Portuguesa and Gulbenkian Orchestra. Oporto has had its own symphony orchestra since 1962, when the Chamber Orchestra was founded by the Gulbenkian Foundation. Lisbon also has a metropolitan orchestra, and the National Theater of SÃÆ'Â o o Carlos in Lisbon, built in the late 18th century, has its own orchestra and ballet company. Among the leading pianists, Maria JoÃÆ'Â o Pires has won worldwide acclaim.
Cultural centers such as the Belà © m Cultural Center and Culturgest, both in Lisbon, have expanded opportunities for major concerts. Madredeus is one of the most successful popular music groups. Singer Dulce Pontes is also widely admired, and Carlos Paredes is considered by many to be Portugal's best guitarist. Folk music and folk dances and traditional fado remain the basic musical expressions of the country.
Traditional or Folk Music
Throughout time and in all places, mankind has always shown remarkable ingenuity in making sounds and music from materials in their natural environment. Sound and clapping can certainly be regarded as the first instrumental form used by humans.
The Iberian Peninsula is home to many people and different cultures, so it is normal for this culture to influence others but still retain a bit of their aspect - this is the case with Portuguese music.
Portuguese folk music is a mix of traditional songs from a community that expresses the poetic character of their beliefs and tells their history to others and generations. DanÃÆ'§as do vira (Minho), Pauliteiros de Miranda (Miranda), Corridinho do Algarve or Bailinho (Madeira), are some examples of dances created by the voice of the people. Some of the typical instruments used are guitar, mandolin, bagpipe, accordion, violin, drums, Portuguese guitar and a large number of wind and percussion instruments.
Contemporary bands include Dazkarieh, Cornalusa, GaitÃÆ'ºlia, Strella do Dia etc.
Philharmonic Music
In popular culture, philharmonic bands represent each region and play various types of music, from popular to classical. Lidia Costa, Carlos Marques, Alberto Madurai, Josà © Å © Caminos and Railcar Morays are some of the most important names in philharmonic music.
Fado
Fado (translated as destiny or destiny) is a music genre that can be traced back to the 1820s, but probably with much earlier origins. It is characterized by sad songs and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor. Music is usually associated with the Portuguese word saudade , a unique word without accurate translation in other languages. (Homosexual disease has close meaning.This is a kind of longing, and conveying a complex mixture especially nostalgia, but also sorrow, pain, happiness and love).
There are two main varieties of fado, which is in the city of Lisbon and Coimbra. The Lisbon style is the most popular, while Coimbra is a more refined style. Fado is popular modern in Portugal, and has produced many famous musicians. According to tradition, to appreciate the fado in Lisbon, you clap, in Coimbra you cough as if clearing the throat.
The mainstream fado performances during the 20th century consisted of only a singer, a Portuguese guitar player and a classical guitar player but more recent arrangements range from singers and string quartets to full orchestras.
Fado's ingredients are a shawl, a guitar, a sound, and a genuine feeling.
Themes include: destiny, deep feeling, disappointment in love, sadness and longing for someone who has gone, misfortune, ups and downs of life, sea, life of sailors and fishermen, and last but not least "Saudade" (one of the main themes used in fado, it means a kind of longing).
Fado is probably the oldest urban folk music in the world and represents the heart of the Portuguese soul, and in this case the fado performance does not work if the audience is not moved.
Classic music
Portugal has been an important center of music practice and production for centuries, as expressed by the history of Portuguese music. In contemporary classical music, important Portuguese musicians include pianist Artur Pizarro, Maria Joà £ o Pires and  £ equeira Costa, and composers: Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes, Joa  £ o Pedro Oliveira, Jorge Minnow, ConstanÃÆ'§ a Capdeville, Clotilde Rosa, Fernando Corrà © a de Oliveira, Cláudio Carneyro, Frederico de Freitas, Joly Braga Santos and Isabel Soveral.
Portuguese Rock
The Portuguese stone began to be recorded in 1980 with the release of Ar de Rock by Rui Veloso, who was the first popular Portuguese rock song, a band and other Portuguese singers such as SÃÆ'  © tima LegiÃÆ' £ o, RÃÆ'¡dio Macau, Jafumega, MÃÆ' £ o Morta, Taxi, Peste e Sida, are also popular. Prior to that, Portugal had underground progressive rock scenes that lived in the 1970s such as Tantra, Quarteto 1111, JosÃÆ' © Cid and others in the 1950s and 1960s rock and roll scene with bands like Os Conchas and Os Sheiks. Among the many bands and artists that follow their origins, are Xutos & amp; Pontapà ©, GNR, Quinta do Bill, UHF, The Gift and Moonspell.
Popular music
The 1980s and 1990s were characterized by the search for new musical discourses in popular urban music, the rise, commodification and industrialization of music production, and the mediation and expansion of music consumption. The explosion in Portuguese music production was accompanied by a diversification of music and style domains that were produced and consumed in Portugal and the emergence of a new style that increasingly took into account the global market. Pop music that dominates using melodies is easy to memorize, becoming very popular and commercial; it's also marked by the amount of publicity created (via videos, magazines, clothing that is interesting, etc.).
It is possible to note two trend styles in popular music of the 1980s and 1990s:
- The musical discourse made by Portuguese musicians integrated in major international developments experienced by popular commercial music;
- new musical style that justify kekiniannya by drawing the various elements of music by musicians and audience alike were identified as Portuguese and stressed the Portuguese language.
CanÃÆ'§ÃÆ'Âμes de intervenÃÆ'§ÃÆ'  £ o (political songs)
Political songs (canÃÆ'§ÃÆ'Âμes de intervenÃÆ'§ÃÆ' o o) played an important role in the protest against the totalitarian regime that ruled Portugal from 1926 until the 1974 revolution. After that it was made an object to criticize what was wrong, especially in a political standpoint. One of the main protagonists was JosÃÆ' © (Zeca) Afonso (1929-1987) but others also contributed to his development, eg Adriano Correia de Oliveira, JosÃÆ' © MÃÆ'¡rio Branco, LuÃÆ's Cilia, Francisco Fanhais, JosÃÆ' © Jorge Letria , JosÃÆ' © Barata Moura and SÃÆ' â € <â € <â € <â € This style of music reflects the meeting of influences from traditional music, popular French urban songs of the 1960s, African music and popular music of Brazil. By the late 1970s the revolutionary climate had subsided and the need to express political militancy through songs was no longer felt by poets, composers and singers, who subsequently redefined their role and their creative contributions. Hip hop
Hip hop has become important since the 1980s with areas such as Amadora, CacÃÆ'Â © m and South Bank of Tagus regarded as the birthplace of Hip Hop Tuga.
The compilation called "Rapublica" was released in 1994, featuring young artists and groups such as Black Company and Boss Ac, responsible for building hip hop in Portugal. Repetition of a song entitled "NÃÆ'Â £ o sabe nadar, yo" ("Can not swim, yo!") Used by the president of Portugal, MÃÆ'¡rio Soares in a speech about the cave painting in Foz CÃÆ'Â'a said that "As gravuras nÃÆ' Â £ o sabem nadar, yo! " ("The paintings can not swim, yo!").
In addition to Lisbon, other urban centers also set up a lively hip-hop scene during the early nineties, especially Porto, which gave birth to important groups such as Mind Da Gap. More recently, other local scenes have also evolved in other urban centers, such as Coimbra and Faro.
There are two major showrooms, Flowfest and Hip Hop Porto. Flowfest, in Coimbra, started in 2005. Hip Hop Porto is a free event held at Casa da MÃÆ'ºsica, in September. It features mainly the name of hip hop north as headliners, drawing a very local audience. His first edition in 2005 was digrafir Rodney P, NBC, Blackmastah, Bomberjack, Rui Miguel Abreu, etc. Usually events are held outdoors, but in 2006 heavy rains made the event move into the parking lot of the building, causing a truly "underground" look.
Student festival
The festivals organized by students from several higher education institutions, take place every year across the country. The 'Queima das Fitas' in Coimbra and Porto and 'Enterro da Gata' in Minho. Summer festivals include Vilar de Mouros Festival, Sudoeste Festival, Rock in Rio Lisboa, Super Bock Super Rock, Festival de Paredes de Coura, Boom Festival, Ilha do Ermal Festival, etc.
Painting
Portuguese art was severely restricted in the early years of nationality, during reconnaissance, to several paintings in churches, monasteries and palaces.
It was after the 15th century, with national boundaries established and with discoveries, that Portuguese art flourished. Some kings, like John I already have a royal painter. It was during this century that Gothic art was replaced by a more human and Italian-like art.
During the reign of King Alfonso V, an important Portuguese artist Nuno GonÃÆ'§alves formed Portuguese art, leading him to acquire local characteristics ( Escola Nacional , National School). His influence on Portuguese art continued after his death. He is the royal painter for the famous Retno Arba do Altar das RelÃÆ'quias de SÃÆ'Â £ Vicente in Lisbon Cathedral ( SÃÆ' Â © de Lisboa ). The painting was burned and replaced by the Baroque structure. Part of his work is still there and can be found at Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga Nasional (Museum of Ancient Art).
During the Golden Age of Portugal, at the end of the 15th and early 16th century, Portuguese artists were influenced by Flemish art, and in turn influenced Flemish artists in the same period. During this period, Portuguese art became internationally renowned, primarily due to its very original and diverse characteristics, but little is known about the artists today because of the medieval culture that regards painters as artisans. The anonymous artists in Portuguese "escolas" produce art not only for the metropolitan Portugal but also for its colony, ie Malacca or Goa and even Africa, satisfying the desire of local aristrocatic clients and religious clients.
In the 19th century, naturalist and realist painters such as Columbano, Henrique PousÃÆ'Â o o and Silva Porto revitalized paintings on decadent academic art.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Portuguese art improved both in quality and quantity, mainly due to members of the Modernist movement such as Amadeo de Souza Cardoso and Almada Negreiros. In the postwar years, the abstractist painter Vieira da Silva settled in Paris and gained wide recognition, as did his contemporary Paula Rego.
Theater
Portugal has never developed a great drama theater tradition largely due to the fact that the Portuguese are more passionate about lyrical or humorous works than the art of drama. Gil Vicente is often seen as the father of a Portuguese theater - he is a prominent Portuguese playwright in the 16th century. During the 20th century, the theater found a way to reach people, especially the middle class, through what in Portugal is known as "Revista" - a cute and cartoon form of theater designed to expose and criticize social (and political) issues, but in a way that entertain and entertain the audience.
Gil Vicente (1435-1536) was considered the great first Portuguese playwright. Often called the father of the Portuguese theater, he describes the 16th century society. Anticipating the famous words of the 17th-century French writer Jean-Baptiste de Santeul "castigat ridendo mores", Gil Vicente became famous for his satirical dramas like "Triologia das Barcas" ("Auto da Barca do Inferno" (1517), "Auto da Barca do PurgatÃÆ'³rio "(1518);" Auto da Barca da GlÃÆ'³ria "(1518)). In this drama, he created several characters that represent their social group. This results in not only a funny situation, but also a strong critical situation. Gil Vicente also wrote other important dramas such as "Auto da ÃÆ' ndia" (1509), "Auto da Fama" (1510), and "Farsa de InÃÆ'ªs Pereira" (1523).
Another relevant playwright from the 16th century was AntÃÆ'³nio Ferreira (1528-1569), who wrote "A Castro" (1587), a famous tragedy of forbidden love between D. Pedro I and D. InÃÆ'ªs de Castro. AntÃÆ'³nio Ferreira is considered the father of Renaissance culture in Portugal.
One of the most famous playwrights of the 18th century is AntÃÆ'³nio JosÃÆ'Ã… © da Silva (1705-1739), commonly known as "O Judeu" because of its Judaic origins. He wrote several dramas such as "Os Encantos de Medeia" (1735), "As Variedades de Proteu" (1737) and "PrecipÃÆ'cio de Faetonte" (1738).
Almeida Garrett (1799-1854) was a turning point in Portuguese literature as far as the theme was concerned. His most remarkable drama is "Frei LuÃÆ's de Sousa" (1844), which became a classic Portuguese theater. Garrett also wrote "Um Auto de Gil Vicente" (1838), "Filipa de Vilhena" (1846) and "O Alfageme de SantarÃÆ'Â © m" (1842). These three dramas and also "Frei LuÃÆ's de Sousa" are somehow connected with Portuguese history. Furthermore, Garrett was also the founder of "ConservatÃÆ'³rio Geral de Arte DramÃÆ'¡tica" as well as from "Teatro Nacional D. Maria II".
As far back as the 20th century, Bernardo Santareno's work (1920-1980) is worth noting. His most famous drama is "O Judeu", based on the life of AntÃÆ'³nio JosÃÆ'Ã… © da Silva, mentioned above. Santareno also wrote "A Promessa" (1957), "O Crime da Aldeia Velha" (1959) and "AnunciaÃÆ'§ÃÆ' £ o" (1962). Most of his drama deals with universal questions such as freedom, oppression and discrimination.
Born in 1926, LuÃÆ's de Stéau Monteiro (1926-1993) wrote several dramas, some of which portray and criticize the Portuguese society of his time. His most famous drama was "Felizmente HÃÆ'¡ Luar" (1961), which was a harsh critique of the current political context (dictatorship - Estado Novo). "O BarÃÆ'Â £ o" (1965), "A Guerra Santa" (1967) and "Sua ExcelÃÆ'ªncia" (1971) were also written by Sttau Monteiro.
In the 20th century, theater in Portugal became more popular with "Revista" - a cute and satirical theater form. It is a creative way to express one's ideas and criticize political and social issues. The most important actors who performed this theater form in the 20th century were Vasco Santana (1898-1958), Beatriz Costa (1907-1996) and Ivone Silva (1935-1987). It is now worth mentioning Maria JoÃÆ'Â Abreu, JosÃÆ'Â © Raposo and Fernando Mendes, who performed this theater form in the famous "Parque Mayer" (a theater in Lisbon where "Revista" was used).
The important Portuguese actors are Ruy de Carvalho, Eunice MuÃÆ' Â ± oz, Rui Mendes, Irene Cruz, LuÃÆ's Miguel Cintra, just to name a few.
In later years, the theater in Portugal has evolved into many other forms as in other European countries. Almost every repertoire can be seen in Portugal. Many companies have works by Shakespeare, MoliÃÆ'¨re, Brecht, Becket or Chekhov, and classical and modern Portuguese writers in their repertoire. Other companies show more experimental projects. All this makes the theater repertoire very varied. Some of the most important professional theater companies today are: Teatro da CornucÃÆ'³pia, Teatro da Comuna, Teatro Aberto, Teatro Meridional, Teatro da Garagem, Companhia de Teatro de Almada, Companhia Teatral do Chiado, A Barraca, Teatro dos AlÃ'ne, Teatro Praga, Artistas Unidos, Seiva Trupe, As boas raparigas, ACTA, among many others.
Portugal hosts festivals such as FITEI, ACERT and FIAR, and one of the most important is the Internacional de Teatro de Almada Festival, held for 25 years by Companhia de Teatro de Almada (Theater Company Almada), with directors Joaquim Benite and VÃÆ'tor GonÃÆ'§alves.
Folklore
Trasgos, almas penadas, peeiras, JÃÆ' Â £ s, maruxinhos, moledros, marafonas, is part of a rich tradition of folklore about a mythical creature and literature preserved in the knowledge of parents, is often seen as a remnant of pre-Christian traditions. The knowledge connects ancient monuments with the legends of the Enchanted Mouras and almost every Portuguese city has a story about Moura Encantada.
Celebrations and holidays
During the summer, in June, the celebration dedicated to the three saints known as Santos Populares goes on throughout Portugal. Why the people connecting the saints with these pagan festivals is unknown. But they may be related to Roman or local gods from the time before Christianity spread in the region. The three saints are Saint Anthony, Saint John and St. Peter. The common fare in this celebration is wine, ÃÆ'¡gua-pÃÆ' Â © (mostly grape juice), and traditional bread along with sardines. During the many wedding celebrations, traditional street dances and fireworks.
St. Anthony is celebrated on the night of June 12-13, especially in Lisbon (where the saint was born and lived most of his life), with the Marchas Populares (street carnival) and other celebrations. In the meantime, several marriages known as Casamentos de Santo AntÃÆ'³nio (St. Antoni's Marriage) were made. But the most popular saint is Saint John, he is celebrated in many cities and towns throughout the country on the evening of 23-24, especially in Porto and Braga, where sardines, caldo verde (traditional) soup) and a plastic hammer to be beaten on the heads of others because luck is necessary. The last Saint, Saint Peter, is celebrated on the night of 28-29, especially in PÃÆ'³voa de Varzim and Barcelos, the celebration is similar to the others, but more dedicated to the sea and to the widespread use of fire ( fogueiras ). In PÃÆ'³voa de Varzim, there is Rusgas at night, another kind of street carnival. Every party is a city holiday in the cities and towns where it happens.
Carnival is also widely celebrated in Portugal, some traditional carnivals dating from centuries ago. Loulà ©  ©, AlcobaÃÆ'§a, Mealhada, Funchal, Torres Vedras, Ovar and Figueira da Foz, among several other areas, held several days of celebrations, with parades in which social and political criticism was abundant, along with music and dancing in the euphoria. There are several areas that preserve a more traditional carnival with elements typical of the ancient carnival traditions of Portugal and Europe. However, several parades in most areas have adopted many elements of the Brazilian Tropical Carnival.
On January 6, Epiphany is celebrated by several families, mainly in North and Central, where families gather to eat "Bolo Rei" (literally, King Cake, cakes made with crystallized fruits); this is also the time for traditional songs - "As Janeiras", the new year Wassailing.
Saint Martin Day, celebrated on 11 November. Today is the culmination of three days, often with excellent weather, this is known as the "Martin Martin" ("Saint Martin summer"), the Portuguese celebrates with the Jeropiga (sweet sweetened liquor wine) and roasted Portuguese chestnuts ( castanhas assadas ), and it's called Magusto .
Holidays
Popular British song: (English translation)
- "Saint Anthony is done." (Saint Anthony ends)
- SÃÆ'Â £ Pedro will come to an end soon. (Saint Peter ends)
- St. John, Saint John, Saint John, Saint John, Saint John
- Give me a balloon to play with. "(Give me a balloon, to play with)
Sports and games
Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. Football started to become famous in Portugal in the last decade of the 19th century, which was brought by the returning Portuguese students from England.
The first person responsible for its implementation is Guilherme Pinto Basto (according to some, his brothers, Eduardo and Frederico will bring the first ball from England). It was he who had the initiative to hold a new game exhibition, which took place in October 1888, and it was also he who organized the first soccer match in January of the following year. The match, played where today Campo Pequeno , involves the opposing teams from Portugal and England. The Portuguese team won the game 2-1. As a result, football began to attract the attention of upper-class people, who were distinguished by the Luso-British rivalry.
Then, the game spreads, is practiced in college, and leads to club bases across the country. Until the end of the century, clubs such as Clube Lisbonense, Carcavelos, BraÃÆ'§o de Prata Real GinÃÆ' ¡Io Clube PortuguÃÆ'ªs , Estrela Futebol Clube , Futebol Acadà © à © mico , Campo de Ourique , Oporto Cricket, and < i> Sport Clube Vianense is set up to practice this sport or make a part to compete. The first match, between Lisbon and Porto, took place in 1894, attended by King D. Carlos. The Clube Internacional de Futebol (founded in 1902) was the first Portuguese team to play abroad to defeat, in 1907, Madrid Futebol Clube in the Spanish capital.
The oldest football club in Portugal is the Boavista Futebol Clube founded in 1903. Lisbon Lisboa e Benfica was born in 1904, with Cosme DamiÃÆ'Â £ o and others becoming founder ( The club maintains the date of the founding of Sport Lisboa , founded in 1904, when in 1908 assimilated with Grupo Sport Benfica , founded in 1906). The Futebol Clube do Porto, after failed attempts in 1893 (such as the Foot-Ball Club performing Porto), appeared in 1906, stimulated by JosÃÆ'Â © Monteiro da Costa, among others. The Sporting Clube de Portugal was founded in 1906 by Viscount of Alvalade and his grandson José © de Alvalade. They are all clubs that traditionally have some sporting activities but they make a big difference to football, utilizing a team of professional players, who often participate in European competitions.
In April 2010, Portugal's national football team was ranked 3rd of 207 countries by FIFA. The legendary EusÃÆ' © bio is still a symbol of Portuguese football. LuÃÆ's Figo was voted FIFA's Player of the Year in 2001, having completed 2 in 2000. Manuel Rui Costa and Cristiano Ronaldo are also worth noting, although VÃÆ'tor Baa is a player in history with most titles, including all European club trophies. In addition, Josà ©  © Mourinho is considered one of the most successful and well paid football managers in football history. The main domestic football competition is the Primeira League, where the dominating team is S.L. Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP. Portugal hosted and almost won the 2004 EURO, beaten in the final by the surprise winners of Greece. The Portuguese national team also reached the FIFA World Cup semi-finals twice, in 1966, when EusÃÆ'  © bio was the top scorer, with 9 goals, and also in 2006. The year 2006 was the year Portugal almost won the FIFA World Cup tournament , ranked 4th overall, beaten by France and Germany. It is the first time since 1966 that the Portuguese football team has advanced to a high qualifying round in the World Cup tournament.
In addition to football, many other professional and organized sports competitions take place every season in Portugal, including basketball, swimming, athletics, tennis, gymnastics, futsal, handball and volleyball among the hundreds of sports played in the country.
Cycling, with Volta a Portugal as the most important race, is also popular.
In ice hockey, Portugal is a country with the most world titles: 15 World Championships and 20 European Championships, and in rugby seven, the Portuguese team has won numerous international trophies since July 2006, five European Championship titles.
Golf is also worth mentioning, as its biggest player plays in the sunny Algarve region, during Algarve Open .
AutÃÆ'³dromo Fernanda Pires da Silva in Estoril, near Lisbon, is Portugal's main racing track, where many motorsport competitions are held, including the World Motorcycling Championship and A1 Grand Prix.
Rallying (with Rally of Portugal and Rally Madeira) and off-road (with Baja Portugal 1000 and recently Lisboa-Dakar) the event also has international recognition.
The Triathlon also provides important steps, thanks to world cup leaders Vanessa Fernandes, and European and world titles. He is also a European duathlon and world champion.
The national sports team shot winning gold in team events, and Paulo Cleto won silver in a men's singles competition.
Martial arts such as judo also bring a lot of medals to this country, namely Telma Monteiro, who conquered gold twice in the European Championship in the -52 kg category, bronze at the 2005 world championships in Cairo, and won silver at the 2007 World Judo Championships. Nuno Delgado , who won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, also became European champion in 1999 (in Bratislava), and vice-champion in 2003.
Manuel Centeno is also a big name in Portuguese sport, as he conquered the national, European and world titles, in 2006 in bodyboarding after becoming European champion in 2001.
In surfing, Justin Mujica, the European surfing champion in 2004, is now back in competition after recovering from a knee injury. Tiago Pires reached number one position in ASP WQS rankings, and will probably be part of the main surfing competition. Ruben Gonzalez is a well known international surfers and the only one to win a national title in two consecutive tournaments.
The Portuguese basketball team made a unique qualifier for the European Championships and made it through the second half, where it was eliminated.
"Os Lobos" (Portugal national rugby union team) made a dramatic qualifier for the 2007 Rugby World Cup, becoming the only amateur team in the world to ever qualify for such an event.
In the fence, Joaquim Videira won a silver medal in the 2006 World Fencing Championships, and has conquered many medals in the World Cup.
Portugal's major professional sports clubs, championships and events include:
- The Portuguese Football Championships and the Portuguese Cup in football.
- Portuguese Futsal First Division in futsal.
- Portuguese Basketball League in basketball.
- Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division in the arena hockey.
- Portuguese Handball League in handball.
- Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock in rugby.
- Portuguese Volleyball League A1 in volleyball.
- Portuguese Beach Soccer League in beach soccer.
- Volta a Portugal in cycling.
- The Portuguese rally in motor racing.
The country has an ancient martial art known as "Jogo do Pau" (Portuguese Wand), which is used for self-protection and for dueling between young men in disputes about young women. Beginning in the Middle Ages, Jogo do Pau used wooden sticks as a combat weapon.
Other sports are "Jogos Populares" , a variety of traditional sports played for fun.
In addition, other outdoor sport-related leisure activities with thousands of fans across the country include airsoft, fishing, golf, hiking, hunting, and orienteering.
Stereotype
This is a list of stereotypes:
- Saudade
- Sebastianism
- ZÃÆ' Â © Povinho
See also
- the Portuguese
- Portuguese poetry
- List of museums in Portugal
- Portugal's historic villages
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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