The New York Public Library ( NYPL ) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States (behind the Library of Congress) and the third largest in the world. It is a private, non-governmental, self-managed, non-profit company that operates with private and public finance. The Library has branches in the districts of Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island and affiliation with academic and professional libraries in the New York State metropolitan area. The towns of two New York boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, served by the Brooklyn Public Library and Queens Library, respectively. The branch library is open to the general public and consists of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four research libraries, which are also open to the general public.
The Library, officially chartered as the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and the Tilden Foundation , was developed in the 19th century, incorporated from the merger of grassroots libraries and libraries social bibliofil and rich people, assisted by the philanthropy of the richest Americans of their age.
The New York Public Library Main Building, easily recognizable by lion statues named Patience and Fortitude sitting on either side of the entrance, declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, registered at the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, and designated as New York City Landmark in 1967. It has also been featured on many television shows, including Seinfeld and Sex and the City, as well as films such as The Wiz in 1978, Ghostbusters in 1984, and The Day After Tomorrow in 2004.
Video New York Public Library
Histori
Pendirian
By order of Joseph Cogswell, John Jacob Astor placed the codicil in his will to pass down $ 400,000 (equivalent to $ 11.3 million in 2017) for the creation of a public library. After Astor's death in 1848, the resulting supervisory council executed the wishes and built the Astor Library in 1854 in the East Village. The library created is a free reference library; his books are not allowed to circulate. In 1872, the Astor Library was described in the editorial of the New York Times as the "main reference and research resource", but, "Popular is certainly not, and, very very less in important matters than public libraries, that his shop might be almost locked and locked, for any access, the masses can get it ".
An act of the State of New York Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870. The library was built on Fifth Avenue, between 70th and 71th Streets, in 1877. Bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a large collection of Americana art, manuscripts and rare books, including the first Gutenberg Bible in the New World. At the beginning, the library asks for admission and does not allow physical access to any literary items.
Former governor of New York and presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden believes that a library with city reach is necessary, and after his death in 1886, he bequeaths most of his fortune - about $ 2.4 million span > (equivalent to $ 65 million by 2017) - to "build and maintain a free library and reading room in New York City". This money will sit untouched in trust for several years, until John Bigelow, a New York lawyer, and Andrew Haswell Green, the two guardians of Tilden's wealth, come up with the idea of ​​combining the two largest libraries in town.
Both the Astor and Lenox libraries are struggling financially. Although New York City already has many libraries in the 19th century, almost everything is funded by the private sector and many are subject to entry fees or usage fees. Bigelow, the most prominent supporter of plans to merge the library found support at Lewis Cass Ledyard, a member of the Tilden Council, as well as John Cadwalader, on the board of Astor. Finally, John Stewart Kennedy, Lenox's board president came to support the plan as well. On May 23, 1895, Bigelow, Cadwalader, and George L. Rives agreed to create "The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and the Tilden Foundation". The plan is touted as an example of private philanthropy for the public good. On December 11, John Shaw Billings was named the first director of the library. The newly established library was consolidated with the grassy New York Free Library Library in February 1901. In March, Andrew Carnegie agreed to donate $ 5.2 million (equivalent to $ 153 million by 2017) to build sixty-five branch libraries in the city, on the condition that they are operated and maintained by New York City. The Brooklyn and Queens public libraries system, which preceded the consolidation of New York City, avoided the grants offered to them and did not join the NYPL system; they believe they will not get the same treatment with their Manhattan and Bronx colleagues. Then in 1901, Carnegie formally signed a contract with New York City to transfer its donations to the city to enable it to justify the purchase of land to build a branch library. The NYPL Board of Trustees hired consultants for planning, and accepted their recommendation that a limited number of architectural firms were hired to build the Carnegie library: this would ensure uniformity of performance and minimize costs. The guardians employ McKim, Mead & amp; White, CarrÃÆ'¨re and Hastings, and Walter Cook to design all branch libraries.
Development of collection
The famous New York writer, Washington Irving, is Astor's close friend for decades and has helped the philatropic designer of the Astor Library. Irving served as President of the Library Watchdog Board from 1848 until his death in 1859, forming a library-gathering policy with a strong sense of European intellectual life. Furthermore, the library employs nationally reputable experts to guide its collection policy; they reported directly to director John Shaw Billings (who also developed the National Library of Medicine), Edwin H. Anderson, Harry Miller Lydenberg, Franklin F. Hopper, Ralph A. Beals, and Edward Freehafer (1954-70). They emphasize the worldwide expertise, objectivity, and broad reach of knowledge in obtaining, preserving, organizing, and providing for the general public nearly 12 million books and 26.5 million additional items. The directors in turn report to elite supervisory councils, especially parents, educated, philanthropic, Protestant-dominated, upper-class white people with a commanding position in American society. They see their role as the protection of library autonomy from politicians as well as granting them status, resources, and prudence.
Representatives of many major council decisions were purchases in 1931 from the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (1847-1909), uncle of the last tsar. This is one of the largest acquisitions of Russian photographic books and materials; at that time, the Soviet government had a policy of selling overseas cultural collections for gold.
The military draws heavily from library maps and book collections in world wars, including hiring its staff. For example, the head of the Map Division Walter Ristow was appointed head of the geography section of the Military Intelligence Office of the Department of Military of the Department of New York from 1942 to 1945. Ristow and his staff found, copied, and lent thousands of strategic, rare or unique maps to war agents who needed no information available through other sources.
Research library
Main branch building
The organizers of the New York Public Library, wanting an impressive main branch, chose the main site available in the two Fifth Avenue blocks between 40 and 42 Streets. It was occupied by the Croton Reservoir that died. John Shaw Billings, the library's first director, created the original design that became the foundation of a new building (now known as the Schwarzman Building) on ​​Fifth Avenue. Billings' plan called for a large reading room on a seven-story pile of books, combined with a system designed to get the book into the hands of library users as quickly as possible. Following the competition among the city's most prominent architects, CarrÃÆ'¨re and Hastings were chosen to design and build the building. The foundation was put in May 1902, and the completion of the building was expected to be within three years. In 1910, 75 miles (121 km) of shelves were installed, and it took a year to move and install books in the Astor and Lenox libraries.
On May 23, 1911, the main branch of the New York Public Library was officially opened in a ceremony presided over by President William Howard Taft. After the dedication ceremony, which was attended by 50,000 people, the library was open to the public on that day. The library has spent $ 9 million to build, and its collection consists of over 1,000,000 volumes. The library structure is a Beaux-Arts design and is the largest marble structure up to that time in the United States. Two stone lions guarding the entrance are carved by E.C. Potter and carved by Piccirilli Brothers. Its main reading room is the largest of its kind in the world at a width of 77 ft (23 m) with a length of 295 ft (90 m), with a ceiling as high as 50 feet (15 m). It was filled with thousands of reference books on open shelves along the floor and along the balcony.
The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. For decades, the library system added branch libraries, and the research collection expanded. In the 1970s, it was clear the collection would eventually surpass the existing Fifth Avenue structure. In the 1980s, the central research library added more than 125,000 square feet (11,600m 2 ) space and literally miles of bookshelf space to make room for future acquisitions. This expansion requires a major construction project in which Bryant Park, west of the library, is closed to the public and excavated. The new library facility is built beneath the soil surface and the park is restored on it.
In the three decades before 2007, the interior of the building was gradually renovated. On December 20, 2007, the library announced it will be undergoing a three-year renovation, $ 50 million from the building's exterior, which has been damaged by weathering and pollution. Renovations finished on time, and on February 2, 2011, the refurbished facade was unveiled. The restoration design was overseen by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., whose previous projects included the limestone facade of the Metropolitan Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, made of granite. This renovation was borne by a $ 100 million gift from philanthropist Stephen A. Schwarzman, whose name is written at the bottom of the column that frames the entrance of the building. Currently, the main reading room comes with a computer with access to library and internet collections and docking facilities for laptops. The Fellows program makes rooms available to writers and scholars, selected annually, and many have completed important research and writing in the library.
Other research branch
In the 1990s, the New York Public Library decided to relocate parts of a research collection devoted to science, technology, and business to a new location. The library bought and adapted the former department store B. Altman on 34th Street. In 1995, the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the library, the Science, Industry and Business Library (SIBL) $ 100 million, designed by Gwathmey Siegel & amp; Associates of Manhattan, opened to the public. After the creation of SIBL, the central research library at 42nd Street was renamed the Library of Humanities and Social Sciences.
There are currently four research libraries consisting of the NYPL's research library system; together they have about 44,000,000 items. The total ownership of the goods, including the Library Branch collection, is 50.6 million . The Library of Humanities and Social Sciences at 42nd Street is still the heart of the NYPL's research library system. SIBL, with a volume of approximately 2 million and 60,000 periodicals, is the largest public library in the country dedicated solely to science and business. Two other NYPL's research libraries are the Schomburg Center for Black Research and Culture, located on 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, located in Lincoln Center. In addition to their reference collections, Libraries for the Performing Arts and SIBL also have outstanding components that are managed as regular branch libraries.
Recent history
The New York Public Library is not created by government law. From the early days, the library was formed from a municipal government partnership with personal philanthropy. In 2010, the research libraries in the system were largely funded by private money, and branch libraries or circulated libraries were funded primarily with municipal funds. Until 2009, the research and branch libraries were almost entirely operating as separate systems, but in that year various operations were merged. As of early 2010, NYPL staff has been reduced by about 16 percent, partly through consolidation.
In 2010, as part of the consolidation program, NYPL transferred back-office operations to the new Library Service Center building in Long Island City. A former warehouse was renovated for this purpose for $ 50 million . In the basement, a new book sorter, $ 2.3 million uses bar codes on library items to sort them for delivery to 132 branch libraries. In two-thirds of the length of the football field, the machine is the largest in the world, according to library officials. Books that are located in one branch and requested from others through the sorter, which used to have cut the waiting time before at least one day. Together with 14 library employees, the machine can sort 7,500 items per hour (or 125 minutes). On the first floor of the Library Service Center is the booking office and catalog; in the second, the digital imaging department (formerly in the Main Branch building) and the manuscript and archives division, where the air stayed cool; on the third, the Conservation Division of Barbara Goldsmith, with a staff of 10 (in 2010) but designed for as many as 30 employees.
NYPL maintains NYC's special patrol power, which provides security and protection to libraries, and NYPL special investigators, who oversee security operations at library facilities. These officials have the arresting authority in charge provided by the New York Criminal Law. Several branch libraries contract for security guards.
BookOps
In February 2013, the public libraries of New York and Brooklyn announced that they would combine their technical services department. This new department is called BookOps. The proposed proposals anticipate a $ 2 million savings for the Brooklyn Public Library and $ 1.5 million for the New York Public Library. Although currently not part of the merger, it is hoped the Queens Library will eventually share some resources with other city libraries. In 2011, the circulation in the New York Public Library system and the Brooklyn Public Library system has increased by 59%. Located in Long Island City, BookOps was created as a way to save money while improving customer service. Services from BookOps include a Selection Team that "acquires, explains, prepares, and delivers new items for circulation collections from the Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) and the New York Public Library, and for NYPL's public library research collections." Under the Selection Team are the Acquisition Department, the Cataloging Department, the Collection Processing Unit, and the Logistics Department. Before the facility is opened, all departments are placed in different locations without accountability among them, and items sometimes take up to two weeks to reach their intended destination. BookOps now has all departments in one building and by 2015 sorting out nearly eight million items. The building has many rooms, including a room dedicated to caring for damaged books.
Controversy
Consolidation and changes in the collection have been promoting ongoing debate and controversy since 2004 when David Ferriero was appointed Director of Andrew W. Mellon and Chief Executive of the Library of Research. NYPL has engaged Booz Allen Hamilton consultants to survey the agency, and Ferriero supports the survey report as a big step "in the process of recreating the library". The consolidation program has resulted in the elimination of subjects such as the Asian and Middle Eastern Divisions (formerly Oriental Division), as well as the Slavic and Baltic Divisions.
A number of innovations in recent years have been criticized. In 2004 NYPL announced its participation in the Google Books Library Project. With an agreement between Google and a large international library, the selected collection of public domain books will be scanned as a whole and available online for free to the public. Negotiations between the two partners are calling for each to estimate the project on ways that tend to expand the library in the future. Under the terms of the agreement, data can not be crawled or retrieved by other search engines; no downloads or redistributions are allowed. Wider partners and library research communities can share content.
The sale of a second-hand Donnell library separately in the center of the city sparked controversy. Donnell's removal was the result of the dissolution of children, young adults and foreign language collections. The Donnell Media Center was also dismantled, most of whose collection was relocated at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts as a Movie Backup and Video Collection, with parts of the collection redistributed. The site was rebuilt for luxury hotels.
Some veteran librarians have retired, and the number of age-level specialists in the borough has been cut back.
Maps New York Public Library
Branch library
The New York Public Library system maintains its commitment as a public lending library through its branch libraries in The Bronx, Manhattan and Staten Island, including the Mid-Manhattan Library, Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library, outstanding collections of Science, Industrial and Business Libraries, the outstanding library for the Performing Arts. The branch library is made up of the third largest library in the United States. This circulated library offers a wide range of collections, programs and services, including the Mid-Manhattan Library's Famous Picture Collection and Media Center, redistributed from Donnell.
The system has 39 libraries in Manhattan, 35 in the Bronx, and 13 on Staten Island. The newest is the 53rd Branch Library, located in Manhattan, which opens on June 26, 2016.
In 2016, the New York Public Library consists of four research centers and 88 environmental branch libraries in the three areas served. All libraries in the NYPL system can be used for free by all visitors. In 2010, the research collection contained 44,507,623 items (books, videotapes, maps, etc.). The Branch Library contains 8,438,775 items. The total number of collections is almost 53 million items, numbers surpassed only by the Library of Congress and the British Library.
Overall, three library systems in the city have 209 branches with 63 million items in their collections.
Services
ASK NYPL
The Phone Reference, known as ASK NYPL, answers 100,000 questions per year, over the phone and online, as well as at The New York Times.
Website and digital ownership
The Library website provides access to library catalogs, online collections, and subscription databases. It also has information about library-free events, exhibitions, computer classes and English as a Second Language (ESL). Two online catalogs, LEOs (which are looking for circulating collections) and CATNYP (which searches for research collections) allow users to search for collections of books, journals, and other materials in the library. The LEO system allows cardholders to request books from any branch and send them to any branch.
NYPL provides free access to cardholders from home to thousands of current magazines and history, newspapers, journals and reference books in a subscription database, including EBSCOhost, which contains the full text of the main magazine; full text of the New York Times (1995-present), Gale's Ready Reference Shelf which includes Encyclopedia of Associations and periodic indexes, Books in Prints ; and Ulrich Periodic Directory. The New York Public Library is also connected to outside resources, such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook , and CIA's World Factbook . The database is available for children, adolescents, and adults of all ages.
The NYPL Digital Collections (formerly Digital Gallery) is a database of over 700,000 digital images from library collections. The Digital Collections has been named one of Time magazine's 50 Coolest Websites 2005 and the 2006 Best Research Site by a professional international panel of museums.
The Photographers Catalog Identity (PIC ) is an experimental online service from Photography Collection at Stephen A. Schwarzman Building.
Other databases are only available from within the library including Nature , IEEE and Wiley scientific journals, Wall Street Journal archives, and Factiva. Overall, digital ownership for the Library consists of more than one petabyte of data by 2015.
One NYPL
In 2006, the library adopted a new strategy that incorporated branch libraries and research into "One NYPL". Organizational change develops an integrated online catalog for all collections, and one card for it can be used in branch and research libraries. The 2009 website and online catalog transition had some initial difficulties, but eventually the catalog was integrated.
Community outreach
The New York Public Library offers many services to its customers. Some of these services include services for immigrants. New York City is known for having a friendly environment when it comes to people with diverse backgrounds. The library offers free work skills and life skills classes. It is offered along with volunteers and partnerships in the library. In addition, the library offers non-English speaking materials and coaching for them to adjust to the US. For non-English speakers, the library offers free ESOL classes.
Government
NYPL, like all public libraries in New York, was awarded a plaque from the Board of Regents of the State University of New York and registered with the New York State Department of Education. The basic strengths and tasks of all library boards are defined in the Education Act and are subject to Section 90 of Title 8 of the New York Code, Rules and Regulations.
The NYPL Charter, as restated and granted in 1975, gives the company name as New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and the Tilden Foundation . The library is managed by a supervisory board, made up of between 25-42 guardians of several classes who collectively choose their own successors, including the New York City Mayor's Mayor, the New York City Council Speaker and New York City Comptroller.
In popular culture
Historian David McCullough describes the New York Public Library as one of the five most important libraries in the United States; others are the Library of Congress, the Boston Public Library, and the university libraries of Harvard and Yale.
The New York Public Library has been referenced many times in popular culture. Libraries have emerged as setting and topic several times in movies, poetry, music, television, and music.
Other New York City library systems
The New York Public Library, which serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island, is one of three separate and independent public library systems in New York City. The other two library systems are the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Library.
According to the 2006 Mayor Management Report, three New York City public library systems have a total library circulation of 35 million: NYPL and BPL (with 143 joint branches) have a circulation of 15 million , and the system Queens has a circulation of 20 million through its 62 library branches. Overall, these three library systems accommodate 37 million visitors in 2006.
Other libraries in New York City, some of which may be used by the public, are listed in the Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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