Lili? ( Hawaiian pronunciation: Ã, [lili? Lydia Lili? u Loloku Walania Kamaka? eha ; September 2, 1838 - November 11, 1917) is the first queen and last king of the Kingdom of Hawaii ? i, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Empire ? i on January 17, 1893. Composer "Aloha? Oe" and many other works, he wrote it autobiography Hawai ? i Stories by Hawai ? i's Queen during his imprisonment after the overthrow.
Lili? Uokalani was born on 2 September 1838, in Honolulu, on the island of O? Ahu. While her parents are Analea Keohok? Lole and Caesar Kapa? Akea, he
Lili? Uokalani rose to the throne on January 29, 1891, nine days after the death of his brother. During his reign, he sought to draft a new constitution that would restore the monarchical and voting power of the economically deprived. Threatened by his attempts to repeal the Bayonet Constitution, a pro-American element in Hawaii ? I overthrew the monarchy on January 17, 1893. The overthrow was supported by the US Marines landings under John L. Stevens to protect American interests, which made the monarch unable to protect itself.
The coup formed the Republic of Hawaii ? i, but the ultimate goal is the annexation of the islands to the United States, temporarily blocked by President Grover Cleveland. After a failed uprising to restore the monarchy, the oligarchic government put the former queen under house arrest at the Iolani Palace. On January 24, 1895, Lili? Uokalani was forced to release the Hawaiian throne, formally ending the overthrown monarchy. Efforts were made to restore the monarchy and oppose annexation, but with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed Hawaii ? i. Living the rest of his life in the future as a citizen, Lili? Uokalani died at his residence, Washington Place, in Honolulu on November 11, 1917.
Video Lili?uokalani
Kehidupan awal
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His family is ali class? From the Hawaiian aristocracy and the collateral relationship of the ruling Kamehameha House, sharing the common ancestry of the 18th century ali? Nui (highest king) Keawe ?? is hell? iokamoku. From his biological parents, he comes from Keaweaheulu and Kame? Eiamoku, two of the five Kamehameha I government councils during the conquest of the Hawaiian Empire. Kame? Eiamoku, grandfather of his father and mother, is depicted, along with his twin brother, Kamanawa, with the symbol of Hawaii. Lili? Uokalani refers to his family line as "Keawe-a-Heulu line" after his mother line. The third surviving son of a large family, his siblings include: James Kaliokalani, David Kal? Kaua, Anna Ka? Ian, Ka? Imina? Auao, Miriam Likelike and William Pitt Leleiohoku II. He and his brothers are h? Nai (adopted informally) to other family members. Hawaiian habits
In 1842, at the age of four, he began his education at the Principal Children's School (later known as the Royal School). He, along with his classmates, has been officially proclaimed by Kamehameha III who qualifies for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Lili? Uokalani then noted that "the disciples are exclusive people who claim the throne is recognized." She, along with her two older brothers James Kaliokalani and David Kal? Kaua, and his thirteen royal cousins, were taught in English by American missioner Amos Starr Cooke and his wife, Juliette Montague Cooke. Children are taught reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, physics, geography, history, bookkeeping, singing and English composition by missionary couples who must control the moral and sexual development of their accusations. Lili? Uokalani placed in the youngest part of the classroom with Princess Victoria Kam? Shame, Mary Polly Pa? A ?? ina, and John William Pitt K'na? U. Later, Lili? Uokalani will look back less well in his early education given the "sent hunger to bed" and the 1848 measles epidemic that took the life of a classmate, Moses Kek? Iwa and his sister, Ka? Imina? Auao. The cooking school run by Cookes was stopped around 1850, so she, along with her former classmate Victoria Kam? Embarrassed, sent to a relocated afternoon school (also called Royal School) run by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith.
Maps Lili?uokalani
Dating and marriage life
After boarding school was stopped in 1850, Lili? Uokalani lives with her parents h? Nai at Hale â € žkala, which he referred to later as his childhood home. Around this time, her sister, Pauahi, married Bishop Charles Reed of the United States against the wishes of their parents, but made peace with them shortly before the death of P'k? In 1855. K? Nia died two years later and Lili? uokalani is under the supervision of the Bishop. During this period, Lili? Uokalani became part of the young social elite under the reign of Kamehameha IV who ascended the throne in 1855. In 1856, Kamehameha IV announced his intention to marry Emma Rooke, one of their classmates. However, according to Lili? Uokalani, certain elements of the court argue "no other leader is equal to you in birth and rank, but Paki's adopted daughter," which infuriated the King and made the Queen weep. Though annoyed, Lili? Uokalani is considered a close friend of the new Queen, and she serves as a companion during the royal wedding with Princess Victoria Kam? Shame and Mary Pitman. On official state occasions, he serves as a maid and lady in Queen Emma's queen. Visiting British officials, Lady Franklin and her niece, Sophia Cracroft, noted in 1861 that "Honble Lydia Paki" was "the highest unmarried woman in the Kingdom".
Considerations of marriage have begun since the beginning for her. American trader, Gorham D. Gilman, a guest of P'k? S, has been chasing her unsuccessfully when she was fifteen years old. About the time of K'nia's last illness in 1857, Lili? Uokalani briefly engages with William Charles Lunalilo. They share their interest in musical compositions and have known each other since childhood. She has been betrothed from birth to Princess Victoria, the sister of the king, but the dispute with her brothers prevented the wedding from materializing. So, Lunalilo applies Lili? Uchalani during a trip to Lahaina to be with K? Nia. A brief double engagement occurs where Lili? Uokalani is matched with Lunalilo and his brother Kalakaua to Princess Victoria. He finally broke off the engagement because of the insistence of King Kamehameha IV and the opposition of the Bishops to the union. After that, he became involved in love with American-born John Owen Dominis, a staff member of Prince Lot Kapu-wa (the future of Kamehameha V) and secretary for King Kamehameha IV. Dominis is the son of Captain John Dominis, Trieste, and Mary Lambert Jones, from Boston. According to Lili's memoir? Uokalani, they have known each other since childhood when he witnessed royal children from the school next to Cookes. During a court visit, Dominis drove home despite falling off his horse and breaking his legs.
From 1860 to 1862, Lili? Uokalani and Dominis were engaged to the wedding on her twenty-fourth birthday. This was postponed until 16 September 1862, in honor of the death of Prince Albert Kamehameha, son of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. The wedding was held in Hale ?? kala, the residence of the bishops. The ceremony was inaugurated by Rev. Samuel Chenery Damon in the Anglican rite. King Kamehameha IV and other royal family members are guests of honor. The couple moved to the residence of Dominises, Washington Place in Honolulu. Through his wife and connection with the king, Dominis later became Governor O? Ahu and Maui. The union was reportedly unhappy with much gossip about Dominic's affair and domestic strife between Lili? Uokalani and Domini's mother, Mary who did not approve of her son's marriage with a Hawaiian. They never had children of their own, but, contrary to the wishes of her husband, Lili? Uokalani adopted three children h? Nai : Lydia Ka? Onohiponiponiokalani Aholo, the daughter of a family friend; Joseph Kaiponohea? Ae? A, the son of a courtier; and John? Aimoku Dominis, the son of her husband.
After his marriage he retained his position in the circle of Kamehameha IV's palace and then his brother and his successor Kamehameha V. He assisted Queen Emma and King Kamehameha IV in raising funds to build the Queen's Hospital. In 1864, he and Pauahi helped Princess Victoria establish the Kaumusiu Society, a women-led organization aimed at relieving the elderly and the sick. At the request of Kamehameha V, he wrote "He Mele L? Hui Hawai? I" in 1866 as a new Hawaiian national anthem. It was used until it was replaced by the composition of his brother "Hawai? I Pono ??". During the visit of 1869 Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Galatea , he entertained the English prince with a traditional Hawaiian luau at Hamohamo's Waikiki residence.
Heir apparent and regency
Selection year 1874
When Kamehameha V died in 1872 without an heir, the 1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom asked the legislature to elect the next king. With popular voice and unanimous vote in the legislature, Lunalilo became the first elected king in Hawaii. Lunalilo died without an heir in 1874. In the election that followed, brother Lili? Uokalani, David Kal? Kaua, running against Emma, ​​Queen Kamehameha's widow queen IV. Choice Kal? Kaua by the legislature, and the subsequent announcement, caused a riot in the courthouse. US and British troops landed, and some of Emma's supporters were arrested. Election results tense the relationship between Emma and Kal family? You a.
After accession, Kal? Kaua gives a royal title and style to his surviving brothers, his sister, Princess Lydia Kamaka? Eha Dominis and Princess Miriam Likelike Cleghorn, and her brother William Pitt Leleiohoku, whom she named the heir of the Hawaiian throne as Kal? Kaua and Queen Kapi? Olani did not have any children. Leleiohoku died without an heir in 1877. Leleiohoku
During the world tour of King Kal? Kaua in 1881, Lili? Uokalani served as the Bupati in his absence. During this district is Lili? Uokalani visiting the leper settlement in Kalaupapa in Moloka? I in September. He was too difficult to speak and John Makini Kapena, one of his brother's ministers, had to call people on his behalf. After the visit, on behalf of his brother, Lili? Uokalani made Pastor Damien a knight commander of the Kal-kaua Kingdom Order for his service to his people. He also convinced the government health council to set aside land for the leprosy hospital in Kaka? Ako. He made his second visit to the settlement with Queen Kapiolani in 1884.
Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria
In April 1887, Kal? Kaua sent a delegation to attend the Queen Victoria Gold Jubilee in London. This includes his wife, Queen Kapi 'olani, Princess Lili? Uokalani and her husband, as well as Chairman of the Royal Court of Colonel Curtis P. Iaukea acted as the king's official messenger. The party landed in San Francisco and traveled across the United States visiting Washington, D.C., Boston and New York City, where they boarded the ship for the British Empire. While in the American capital, they were accepted by President Grover Cleveland and his wife. In London, Kapi? Olani and Lili? Uokalani received an official audience with Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace. Queen Victoria greets the two Hawaiian troupes affectionately, and recalls the visit of Kalapua in 1881. They attended a special Jubileum service at Westminster Abbey and sat with other foreign royal guests, and with members of the Royal Household. Shortly after the Jubilee celebrations, they learned of the Bayonet Constitution that Kal? Kaua has been forced to sign under threat of death. They canceled their tour to Europe and returned to Hawaii.
Lili? Uokalani was approached on December 20 and 23 by James I. Dowsett, Jr. and William R. Castle, a member of the legislative Missionary Party, proposed his ascension to the throne if his brother Kal? You are out of power. Historian Ralph S. Kuykendall declares that he provides "if necessary" conditional; However, Lili account? uokalani is that he firmly rejects both men. In 1889, an officer k? Naka maoli (Native Hawaiian) Robert W Wilcox, who lives in Palama Lili's residence? Uokalani, instigated a failed rebellion to overthrow the Bayonet Constitution.
Death Kal? kaua
Kal? Kaua arrived in California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25, 1890. There was uncertainty about the purpose of the king's journey. Foreign Secretary John Adams Cummins reported that the trip was solely for the health of the king and would not go beyond California, while the local newspaper and British commissioner James Hay Wodehouse speculated that the king might go further east to Washington, DC to negotiate an agreement for extend existing US exclusive access rights to Pearl Harbor, or royal annexation. The McKinley Tariff Act has paralyzed the Hawaiian sugar industry by removing sugar import duties from other countries to the US, eliminating the earlier duty-free benefits under the Reciprocal Treaty of 1875. Having failed to persuade the king to stay, Lili? uokalani writes that he and Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry AP Carter plans to discuss the tariff situation in Washington. In his absence, Lili? Uokalani was left as regent for the second time. In his memoirs, he writes that "Nothing was worth noting during the closing days of 1890, and the opening weeks of 1891."
Upon arriving in California, Kal? Kaua, whose health has declined, lives in a suite at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico, the king suffered a stroke in Santa Barbara and rushed back to San Francisco. Kal? Kaua fell into a coma in her room on January 18, and died two days later on January 20th. The official cause of death is "Bright Disease with Uremic Blood Poisoning." The news of Kal's death? Kaua did not reach Hawaii until January 29 when Charleston returned to Honolulu with the remains of the king.
Reign
On January 29, 1891, before the cabinet ministers and the chief justice, Lili? Uokalani took the oath of office to uphold the constitution, and became the first queen and the only Kingdom of Hawaii. The first few weeks of his reign were obscured by his sister's funeral. After the end of the mourning period, one of his first actions was to request the official resignation of the cabinet of his brother's government. These ministers refused, and demanded a decision by the Supreme Court of Hawaii. All the judges but one decided to support Queen's decision, and the ministers resigned. Lili? Uokalani appointed Samuel Parker, Hermann A. Widemann, and William A. Whiting, and raised Charles N. Spencer (from the cabinet of detention), as his new cabinet minister. On March 9, with the approval of the House of Nobles, as required by the Hawaiian constitution, he was named the successor to his nephew Ka iamanai, the only daughter of Archibald Scott Cleghorn and his sister Princess Likelike, who died in 1887. From April until July, Lili? Uokalani paid for custom visits to major Hawaiian Islands, including return visits to leprosy settlements in Kalaupapa. Historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall noted, "Everywhere he was given the honor traditionally paid by the Hawaiians to them alii ."
After his access, John Owen Dominis was given the title of Prince Consort and returned to the Governorship of O Ê »Au, which was abolished following the Bayonet Constitution of 1887. Dominis's death on August 27, seven months during his reign, greatly affected the new Queen. Lili? Uokalani later wrote: "His death occurred during his long experience in public life, his friendly quality, and his universal popularity, would make him an adviser to me that no substitute could find.I often say that it pleases the Almighty Lord over the countries to take him away from me just at a time when I felt that I most needed his advice and friendship. "Cleghorn, her younger brother's widow, was appointed to replace Dominis as Governor of O ah ahu. In 1892, Lili? Uokalani will also restore the governor's position to the other three main islands for his friends and supporters.
From May 1892 to January 1893, the Royal House of Representatives assembled for an unprecedented 171 days, later historians such as Albertine Loomis and Helena G. Allen dubbed the "Longest Legislature". This session is dominated by political struggles between and within four parties: National Reform, Reform, Liberal National and Independent; no one can get the majority. Debates are heard on the floor of the house associated with popular demand for the new constitution and the passage of lottery bills and the poppy license bill, aimed at reducing the economic crisis caused by the McKinley Rates. The main issues of contention between the new king and the legislators are the detention of his cabinet minister, because the political division prevents Lili? Uokalani from appointing a balanced board and the 1887 constitution gave the legislature the power to vote for his cabinet's dismissal. Seven resolutions of self-confidence were introduced during this session, and four of his own cabinets (Widemann's closet, Macfarlane, Cornwell, and Wilcox) were overthrown by the legislative vote. On January 13, 1893, after the legislature sacked the cabinet of George Norton Wilcox (who had political sympathy for the Reform Party), Lili? Uokalani appointed a new Parker cabinet consisting of Samuel Parker, as foreign minister; John F. Colburn, as interior minister; William H. Cornwell, as finance minister; and Arthur P. Peterson, as the attorney general. He has chosen these people specifically to support his plan to announce a new constitution while the legislature is not in session.
Authorizing a new constitution
Events trigger that lead to the overthrow of 1893 Kingdom of Hawaii is an attempt by the Queen of Lili? Uokalani to disseminate a new constitution to regain power for the monarchy and indigenous Hawaiians who have been lost under the Bayonet Constitution. The stated objective of his opponents, who are the original subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom (five American citizens, one British citizen, and one German), is to expel the Queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaiian annexation to the United States.
Shortly after the accession, Lili? Uokalani started receiving a petition to rewrite the Bayonet Constitution through two major political parties at the time, Hui KÃ… lai ?? ina and the National Reform Party. Supported by two-thirds of registered voters, he moved to overturn the existing 1887 constitution, but his cabinet held back their support, knowing what his opponent might be.
The proposed Constitution (co-authored by the Queen and two lawmakers, Joseph N'wah and William P'nohu White) will restore power to the monarchy, and the right to vote for indigenous Hawaiians who lose their rights and Asians. Ministers and close friends all opposed this plan; they tried unsuccessfully to prevent him from initiating these initiatives, both of which were used against him in the ongoing constitutional crisis.
Overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii
The political fall caused a rally and a political meeting in the city of Honolulu. The Anti-monarchist, annexationist and leader of the Reform Party politician who included Lorrin A. Thurston, the grandson of an American missionary, and former Cabinet minister of Kal-kaua under the Bayonet Constitution, formed the Security Committee in protest at the "revolutionary" action of the queen and conspired to topple it. Thurston and the Safety Committee gained their support mainly from the American and European business class living in Hawaii? I. Most of the top leaders are American and European citizens who are also citizens of the Kingdom. They also include legislators, government officials, and judges of the Supreme Court of Hawaii.
In response, the royalists and loyalists formed the Law and Order Committee and met in the palace square in January Ã, 16, 1893. N? Wah, White, Robert W. Wilcox, and other pro-monarchist leaders gave speeches to support the queen and government. To try to calm down the agitators, the queen and his supporters abandoned an attempt to unilaterally declare a constitution.
On the same day, the Royal Marshal, Charles Burnett Wilson, was instructed by detectives about an imminent coup d'etat. Wilson requested a warrant to arrest a 13-member Security Council committee, and placed the Kingdom under martial law. Because members have strong political ties with US Minister John L. Stevens of Hawaii, the request was repeatedly rejected by the queen's cabinet, who feared that the arrest would improve the situation. After negotiations failed with Thurston, Wilson began to gather his men for a confrontation. Wilson and the captain of the Household Guard of the Kingdom of Samuel Nowlein have gathered the 496 forces in hand to protect the queen. Marines from the USS Boston and two US seafarers landed and took positions at the US Embassy, ​​Consulate, and Arion Hall. Sailors and Marines did not enter the palace grounds or take over any buildings, and never fired, but their presence functioned effectively in intimidating the defenders of the kingdom. The historian William Russ states, "the order to prevent any battles makes the monarchy impossible to protect itself".
The Queen was ousted on January 17, and the interim administration established under the leadership of the pro-annexation of Sanford B. Dole was officially recognized by Stevens as a de facto government. He temporarily surrenders his throne to the United States, rather than the Dole-led government, in the hope that the United States will restore Hawaii's sovereignty to the rightful holders of rights. Government under Dole start using? Iolani Palace as its executive building. A delegation departs for Washington D.C. on January 19, to request immediate annexation by the United States. At the request of the interim government, Stevens proclaimed Hawaii as a protectorate of the United States on February 1, temporarily providing a buffer against domestic upheaval and foreign government interference. The US flag was raised above the palace, and martial law was imposed. The annexation agreement presented to the US Senate contains provisions to grant Lili? Uokalani retires a lifetime of $ 20,000 per year, and receives a lump-sum payment of $ 150,000. The Queen protested against the proposed annexation in a Jan. 19 letter to President Benjamin Harrison. He sent Prince David Kaw? Nanakoa and Paul Neumann to represent him.
Neumann sent a letter from the queen to Grover Cleveland, who started a second non-consecutive term as president on March 4. The Cleveland Administration commissioned the Blount Report, and based on its findings, concluded that the overthrow of Lili? Uokalani is illegal, and that Stevens and the American military forces have acted inappropriately to support those who overthrew. On November 16, Cleveland sent minister Albert S. Willis to propose the return of the throne to Lili? Uokalani if ​​he grants amnesty to all those responsible. His first response was that Hawaii's law calls for the confiscation of property and the death penalty for treason, and only his cabinet ministers can override laws that support amnesty. Liliuokalani's extreme position lost its goodwill from the Cleveland administration.
Cleveland sent the issue to Congress, stating, "The Provisional Government does not regard the republic, or any other constitutional form, but remains an executive council, or oligarchy, without the consent of the people". The Queen changed her position on the issue of amnesty, and on December 18 Willis demanded a temporary administration to return it to the throne, but was rejected. Congress responded with a US Senate inquiry that produced the Morgan Report on February 26, 1894. It found Stevens and all parties except the "innocent" queen, relieving them of responsibility for the overthrow. The provisional government established the Republic of Hawaii on July 4 with Dole as its president, maintaining limited oligarchic control and voting systems.
Arrest and imprisonment
In early January 1895, Robert W. Wilcox and Samuel Nowlein waged a revolt against Republican forces with the aim of returning the queen and monarchy. His main failure led to the arrest of many participants and other monarchical sympathizers. Lili? Uokalani was also arrested and imprisoned in the upstairs bedroom at the palace on January 16, days after a failed uprising, when a firearm was found at his home in Washington Place after receiving a tip from a prisoner.
During his imprisonment, he surrendered his throne in exchange for the release (and death sentence) of his imprisoned supporters; six have been sentenced to hanging including Wilcox and Nowlein. He signed the resignation document on January 24th. In 1898, Lili? Uokalani writes:
For myself, I would choose death rather than sign it; but it was represented by me that with my signing of this paper all the people who have been arrested, all my people who are now troubled by the reason of their love and loyalty to me, will soon be released. Think about my position, - sick, a woman alone in prison, barely knowing who my friend is, or who is listening to my words just to betray me, without legal advice or friendly advice, and blood flow ready to flow except to live near my pen.
He was tried by a Republican military commission headed by his former attorney general Whiting in the palace throne room on 8 February. Retained in court by one of his former attorney general Paul Neumann, he claimed ignorance but was sentenced to five years of forced labor in prison by a military court and a $ 5,000 fine. The sentence was changed on September 4, to a jail in the palace, attended by his wife Eveline Townsend Wilson (aka Kitty), wife of Marshal Wilson. In the cage he composed songs including "The Queen's Prayer" ( To Aloha o Ka Haku - "God's Gift").
On October 13, 1896, the Republic of Hawaii granted her complete amnesty and restored her civil rights. "After receiving my full release, I feel very anxious to go abroad," wrote Lili? Uokalani in his memoir. From December 1896 to January 1897, he lived in Brookline, Massachusetts, with his husband cousins ​​William Lee and Sara White Lee, from Lee & Shepard's publishing house. During this period, his old friend, Julius A. Palmer Jr. be his secretary and stenography, help write every letter, note, or publication. He was a literary supporter in the Kumulipo translation publication of 1897, and helped him compile a book of his songs. She helped her as she wrote her memoirs of Hawaiian Stories by the Queen of Hawaii. Sara Lee edited a book published in 1898 by Lee & amp; Shepard.
Annexation
At the end of his visit in Massachusetts, Lili? Uokalani began dividing his time between Hawaii and Washington, D.C., where he worked to seek redress from the United States.
He attended the inauguration of US President William McKinley on March 4, 1897, with a Republic of Hawaii passport issued personally to "Liliuokalani Hawaii" by the president of the republic Sanford B. Dole. On June 16, McKinley presented the United States Senate with a new version of the annexation agreement, which eliminated monetary compensation for Lili? Uokalani and Ka i iulani. Lili? Uokalani filed a formal protest with Foreign Minister John Sherman the next day. The protest was witnessed by agents and personal secretaries Joseph Heleluhe, Wekeki Heleluhe, and Captain Julius A. Palmer Jr., who is reported as his secretary in America.
In June 1897 President McKinley signed the "Agreement for Annexation for the Hawaiian Islands", but failed to qualify in the United States Senate after K ??? The petition was filed by the Hawaii Native Delta delegation commission consisting of James Keauiluna Kaulia, David Ifokalani, William Auld, and John Richardson. Members of Hui Aloha ?? ina collects more than 21,000 signatures against an annexation agreement. 17,000 other signatures collected by members of Hui Kai'i ?? but was not handed over to the Senate because the signature also requested the Queen's restoration. The petition was collectively presented as evidence of strong grassroots opposition from Hawaiian society to annexation, and the agreement was defeated in the Senate - but, after its failure, Hawaii was annexed also through the Newlands Resolution, a joint Congress resolution, in July 1898, not long after the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.
The annexation ceremony was held on August 12, 1898, at the Iolani Palace, now used as a government executive building. President Sanford B. Dole handed over the "sovereignty and common property of the Hawaiian Islands" to US Secretary of State Harold M. Sewall. The Flag of the Republic of Hawaii is lowered and the United States flag is raised in its place. Lili? Uokalani and family members and followers boycotted the event and shut down at Washington Place. Many indigenous Hawaiians and royalists followed and refused to attend the ceremony.
Hawaii Crownland
Before 1848 the division of land known as Great M? Hele, during the reign of Kamehameha III, all the land in Hawaii is owned by the monarchy. The Great M? Hele divides the land between monarchy, government, and private ownership by tenants who live on the ground. What is reserved for the monarchy is known as the Hawaiian Crown Land. When Hawaii was annexed, the Crown Land was confiscated by the United States government. The Queen gave George Macfarlane his legal counsel in 1898 as part of his legal team in seeking redress for the government's seizure of the Crown of Land. He protested with the US Senate on December 20, 1898, asking them back and claiming that the land was confiscated without proper process or reward.
On April 30, 1900, the US Congress passed the Hawaiian Organic Law establishing a government for the Hawaiian Territory. The territorial government takes over the Land of the Crown, which is the source of the "Land of the Dead" problem in Hawaii. The San Francisco Call reported on May 31 that Macfarlane had informed them that the Queen had spent her patience with Congress and intended to file a lawsuit against the government. Former US Minister of the United States to Hawaii Edward M. McCook said he believes that once President McKinley begins his second term on March 1, 1901, that the government will negotiate a generous settlement with Lili? Uokalani.
During the 1900 Congressional deadlock, he traveled to Honolulu along with Washington, D.C., Doctor Charles H. English (sometimes referred to as John H. English). Newspapers speculated that the Queen, who was diagnosed with cancer, would return home to die. Historian Helena G. Allen makes the case that English is meant to get the title to the crown of the land for herself. According to Allen, the Queen strongly rejected the settlement letter design to Senator George Frisbie Hoar that she wanted her to copy her handwriting and signature. The doctor was stopped "without cause" a month after he returned and sued him.
The Pacific Commercial Advertiser complained in 1903, "There is something sad in the appearance of Queen Liliuokalani as the prosecutor awaits before the Congress." It details its residency for years in the nation's capital seeking compensation, while legislators offer empty promises, but there is no substance.
Lili? uokalani v. United States
In 1909, Lili? Uokalani brings unsuccessful lawsuits against the United States under the Fifth Amendment to seek the return of the Hawaiian Crownland. The US court requested a British Supreme Court decision of 1864 over a case involving Queen Dowager Emma and Kamehameha V, using it against her. In this decree the court finds that the Crown Land does not have to be the king's private property in the strictest sense.
Next life and death
Although Lili? Uokalani has never succeeded in more than a decade of legal pursuit for the rewards of the United States government to seize the land; in 1911 he was finally awarded a $ 1,250 monthly retirement by the Territory of Hawaii. The Sydney historian Lehua Iaukea notes that the grant never addresses the legality of the seizure itself, and the figure is greatly reduced from what it asks for retaliation.
In April 1917, Lili? Uokalani raised the American flag at Washington Place in honor of the five Hawaiian sailors killed in the sinking of the SS Aztec by the German U Boats. His actions were interpreted by many as his symbolic support of the United States. The next historian has debated the true meaning of his actions; Neil Thomas Proto argues that "[h] er movement of the day is meant to reflect the dignity that he still holds the right of his people to choose their own fate long after he has gone".
At the end of that summer, Honolulu Star-Bulletin reported that he was too weak to hold his public birthday reception, an annual tradition dating from the monarchy. As one of his last public appearances in September, he officially became a member of the American Red Cross. After several months of worsening health that left him without the use of his lower limbs, as well as reduced mental capacity made him unable to recognize his own home, the inner circle of his friends and guardians sat guard over the last two weeks of his life knowing the end was imminent. In accordance with the Hawaiian tradition, the kingdom k? Hili fanned her as she lay in bed. On the morning of November 11th, Lili? Uokalani died at the age of seventy-nine at his residence at Washington Place.
Cathedral Bell Saint Andrew and Kawaiaha? O Church announces his death, trailing 79 times to signify his age. In accordance with the Hawaiian tradition of the deceased, his body was not removed from his home until almost midnight. Her body lying in a state in Kawaiaha? O Church to see the public, after which he received state cemetery in the throne room of the Iolani Palace, on 18 November. Composer Charles E. King leads a youth choir in "Aloha? Oe" as he catafalque was moved from the palace to Nuuanu Avenue with a 1200-foot rope drawn by 200 people, to be buried with his family members in Kal? kaua Crypt at Royal Mauna Mausoleum? Ala. The song was taken by participants of the procession and crowds along the route. The film is taken from the funeral procession and then stored in inahau, the former residence of his sister and nephew. The fire on August 1, 1921, destroyed the house and all its contents, including the recording of the Queen's funeral.
Religious belief
Educated by American Protestant missionaries from an early age, Lili? Uokalani became a devout and faithful Christian on the principles of Christianity. These missionaries come largely from the lifting of Congregationalists and Presbyterians, who subscribe to Calvinist theology, and Lili? Uokalani considers himself a "regular bodyguard on Presbyterian worship". He was the first member of the royal family to consistently and regularly attend the worship service at Kawaiaha? O Church since King Kamehameha IV moved to Anglicanism. On Sunday, he plays the organ and leads the choir in Kawaiaha? He also regularly attends worship services at Kaumakapili Church and has a special interest in Lili Protestant Church? Uokalani, which she donated to Queen Lili? Uokalani Jam in 1892.
Historian Helena G. Allen notes that Lili? Uokalani and Kal? Kaua "believes that all religions have their 'rights' and are entitled to equal treatment and opportunity". All her life, Lili? Uokalani shows widespread interest in different Christian faiths including Catholicism, Mormonism, Episcopalianism and other Protestant denominations. In 1896, he became a permanent member of the Hawaiian Congregation at St. Andrew associated with the Reformed (Anglican/Episkopal) Catholic Church of Hawaii, founded by King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. During his overthrow and imprisonment, Bishop Alfred Willis of St. Andrew openly supports the Queen while Reverend Henry Hodges Parker of Kawaiaha? Has supported his opponents. Bishop Willis visited and wrote letters to him during his imprisonment and sent him a copy of the Book of Common Prayer. Shortly after his conditional release, the former queen was baptized and confirmed by Bishop Willis on May 18, 1896, in a private ceremony before the Sisters of St. Andrew. In his memoirs, Lili? Uokalani stated:
The first night of my imprisonment is the longest night I have ever passed in my life; it seems like the dawn of the day will never come. I found in my bag a Small Book of Common Prayer according to the Episcopal Church ritual. It was very fun for me, and before resting for a rest, Ny. Clark and I spent a few minutes in the right devotion for the night. Here, perhaps, I can say that although I have been a regular servant in Presbyterian worship since my childhood, a constant contributor to all missionary communities, and has helped build their churches and decorate the walls, give me time and ability music freely to make their meetings appealing to my people, but none of the devout churchmen or priests remember me in my prison. For this (ChristianÃ,?) I contrast that of the Anglican bishop, Rt. Pdt. Alfred Willis, who visits me from time to time in my home, and in the church whom I have since been confirmed as a communicant. But he was not allowed to see me in the palace.
He traveled to Utah in 1901 for a visit with Mormon president Joseph F. Smith, a former missionary to the Island of Hawaii. There he joined a service at the Salt Lake Tabernacle, and was taught at the House of Shatter reception, which was attended by many native Hawaiian expatriates. In 1906, he was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Elder Abraham Kaleimahoe Fernandez. However, his interest in Mormonism then faded.
The Queen is also remembered for her support of Buddhist and Shinto priests in Hawaii and became one of the first indigenous Hawaiians to attend Buddha's Birthday celebration on May 19, 1901, at Honwangji's mission. Its presence in the celebration helped Buddhism and Shintoism gain acceptance into Hawaiian society and prevent the possibility of banning two religions by the Territorial government. Its presence is also widely reported in Chinese and Japanese newspapers around the world, and makes it respected by many Japanese people both in Hawaii and in Japan itself.
Composition
Lili? Uokalani is an excellent writer and songwriter. His book is Hawaiian ? i's Story by Hawaiian ? i's Queen gives her views on the history of her country and its overthrow. He is said to have played the guitar, piano, organ, ? ukulele and harp, and also sung alto, featuring sacred and secular music of Hawaii and England. In his memoir he writes:
To write is a natural thing for me to breathe; and this gift of nature, which never suffers to be unused, remains the greatest source of comfort to this day. [...] The hours that were not yet available to speak, which I might have found long and lonely, passed quickly and cheerfully by, occupied and soothed by the expression of my mind in music.
Lili? Uokalani helps preserve key elements of traditional Hawaiian poetry ? i while mingling in the Western harmony brought by the missionaries. A compilation of his work, titled Queen's Songbook , was published in 1999 by Queen Lili? Uokalani Trust. Lili? Uokalani uses his musical compositions as a way of expressing his feelings toward his people, his country, and what is happening in the political world in Hawaii ? i. One example of how his music reflects his political views is his translation of Kumulipo, the Hawaiian creation song. While in house arrest, Lili? Uokalani is worried that he will never leave the palace alive, so he translates Kumulipo in the hope that the history and culture of his people will never disappear. The ancient song recording his family tree back to the story of Hawaiian origin ? i.
After Lili? Uokalani was imprisoned in Iolani Palace, he was denied literature and newspapers, essentially cutting him off from his men, but he continued to write music with paper and pencil while he was in a cage. One of his compositions was "Aloha? Oe", a song he had written earlier and transcribed during his confinement. In his writings, he said, "At first I did not have a musical instrument, and had to transcribe notes with sound, but I found, despite the loss, great consolation in writing, and wrote some songs. the city of Chicago, where they were printed, among them 'Aloha ? Oe' or 'Farewell to Thee', which became a very popular song. "Originally written as a farewell lover, the song was regarded as a symbol, and lamenting, the loss of his country. Today, this is one of Hawaii's most recognizable songs.
Legacy
Captain Julius A. Palmer Jr. Massachusetts was her friend for three decades, and became her spokesperson when she lived in Boston and Washington D.C., protesting against the annexation of Hawaii ? i. In the nation's capital, he estimates to have 5,000 visitors. When asked by an interviewer, "What is his most distinctive personal grace?", Palmer replied, "Above all, he shows the most Christian disposition of forgiveness." In covering his death and funeral, the main newspaper in Hawaii that supports the overthrow and annexation recognizes that he has been upheld throughout the world. In March 2016, Hawaii? I Magazine registered Lili? Uokalani is one of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.
The Queen Lili? Uokalani Trust was founded on December 2, 1909, to care for orphans and the poor in Hawaii. Effective after his death, his real results, with the exception of twelve individual inheritances set forth therein, shall be used for the Trust. The greatest of this hereditary heritage is his will to his sons and heirs: John? Aimoku Dominis will receive Washington Place while Joseph Kaiponohea? Ae? A will accept Kealohilani, his residence in Waikiki. Both men preceded the Queen. Before and after his death, lawsuits were filed to overturn his desire to establish Trust. One of the famous is Prince Jonah K? Hi? Kalaniana? Ole, his brother's nephew Kal? Kaua and his wife Kapi? Olani and cousin Lili? Uokalani, who brought the lawsuit against the Trust on November 30, 1915, questioned Queen's competence in executing a will and attempting to destroy trust. This lawsuit was settled in 1923 and will be a will. Queen Lili Children's Center? Uokalani is created by Trust.
Lili? Uokalani and his brothers are recognized by the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame as Na Lani? Eh? ( The Royal Four ) for the patronage and enrichment of their Hawaiian music culture and history. In 2007, Honolulu magazine ranked "Aloha? Oe" as the biggest song in Hawaiian music history. Songwriter Charles E. King, known as the "To Nei Au" composer, was taught music by him. Entertainer Bina Mossman leads the Bina Mossman Glee Club who trains regularly at Washington Place, while Lili? Uokalani helps them with Hawaiian pronunciation. At the queen's funeral, the glee club is part of a kahili carrier who watches the coffin for two hours at a time, waving kahilis hands and singing Lili compositions? Uokalani.
Queen Lili? The annual Uokalani Outrigger Canoe Race, which follows an 18-mile course from Kailua Bay to Honaunau Bay, was held in 1972 as a resistance training course for men, in preparation for traditional Moloka? I'm going to O? Ahu race canoeing. The women's canoe team was added in 1974. The race is held over the Labor Day weekend each year to coincide with Lili's birthday? Uokalani on September 2nd.
In 2001 naming the "Queen Lili? Uokalani Center for Studies Services", at the University of Hawaii at Manoa campus, the Regent's Board noted, "As the last Hawaiian king, Queen Lili? Uokalani symbolizes important relationships with traditional Hawaiian culture and society. well-respected, and has been a powerful motivating factor in the widespread emergence of Hawaiian culture and values ​​embodied in it. "
Many hula events are held to honor her memories, including Queen Lili? Uokalani Keiki Hula Competition Honolulu, held in 1976. Hawaii County holds annual Hali'a Aloha no Lili'uokalani Festival, Queen's Birthday Celebration in Lili? Visit the Parks and Gardens in Hilo, in partnership with Queen Lili'uokalani Trust. The event starts with a couple hundred dancers bombarded by 50,000 orchids.
Title, style and arms
Title and style
- 1838 - September 16, 1862 : Dear Lady Lydia Kamaka? eha P? k?
- September 16, 1862 - 1874 : The Honorable Mrs. Lydia Kamaka? eha Dominis
- 1874 - April 10, 1877 : Your Majesty Princess Lydia Kamaka? eha Dominis
- April 10, 1877 - January 29, 1891 : Your Highness Princess Lili? uokalani, heirs of the Will
- 20 January 1881 - October 29, 1881 and November 25, 1890 - January 29, 1891 : Your Majesty
- January 29, 1891 - January 17, 1893 : Your Honor Queen of the Islands of Hawaii
Kal? Kaua and Lili? Uokalani holds a formal degree in English and Hawaiian. The official title of Queen Lili? Uokalani is Ma ka Lokomaika? Io to Akua, Mo? I'm Wahine o ko Hawai? I Pae? Aina ("By the grace of God, the Queen of Hawaiian Islands).
Weapons and monograms
Ancestor
Family tree
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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