Cherry

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A cherry is a fruit of many plants from the genus Prunus , and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit).

The cherry from trade is usually obtained from the cultivars of a limited number of species such as sweet cherries (Prunus avium ) and sour cherries ( Prunus cerasus ). The name 'cherry' also refers to a cherry tree, and is sometimes applied to almonds and flowering trees that are visually similar in the Prunus genus, as in "cherry ornament" or "cherry blossom". Wild cherry can refer to any of the cherry species that grow outside of cultivation, though Prunus avium is often referred to specifically as "wild cherry" in the British Isles.

Video Cherry

Botany

Many cherries are members of the subgenus Cerasus , which is distinguished by having flowers in a small corymb of several together (not singularly, or in racemes), and by having fine pieces only with a weak groove on one side, or without a groove. Subgenus comes from the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species in America, three in Europe, and the rest in Asia. Other cherry fruits are members of subgenus Padus .

Maps Cherry

History

Etymology and antiquity

The English word cherry comes from Old Northern French or Norman of Latin cerasum , referring to the ancient Greek region of Kerasous (???????) near Giresun , Turkey, from which cherries were first thought to be exported to Europe. The original line of sweet cherries extends through much of Europe, Western Asia, and parts of northern Africa, and fruit has been consumed throughout its ranks since prehistoric times. The cultivated cherry was recorded to have been brought to Rome by Lucius Licinius Lucullus of northeastern Anatolia, also known as the Pontus region, in 72 BC.

Cherries were introduced to England in Teynham, near Sittingbourne in Kent, on the orders of Henry VIII, who had tasted them in Flanders.

Cherries arrived in North America at the start of the settlement of Brooklyn, New York (later called "New Netherland") when the territory was under Dutch sovereignty. Trade people hire or buy land to grow gardens and produce gardens, "Certificate Corielis van Tienlioven that he has found 12 apples, 40 peaches, 73 cherry trees, 26 plant wise.., behind the house sold by Anthony Jansen from Salee [Morocco, Africa] to Barent Dirksen [The Netherlands],... ANNO 18 June 1639. "

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Cultivation

The cultivated form is of the sweet cherry type ( P. avium ) which most cherry blossoms include, and the sour cherry ( P. cerasus ), which is used primarily for cooking. Both species are from Europe and West Asia; they do not cross-pollinate. Some other species, though having edible fruits, do not grow extensively for consumption, except in the northern regions where two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor, and their tendency to damage from rain and hail make cherries relatively expensive. Nonetheless, the demand is high for fruit. In commercial production, cherries are harvested using a mechanical 'shaker'. Hand picking is also widely used to harvest fruit to avoid damage to fruit and trees.

Common rootstands include Mazzard, Mahaleb, Colt, and Gisela Series, rootstocks that make trees smaller than others, only 8 to 10 feet (2.5 to 3 meters). The sour cherries do not require a pollenizer, while some sweet varieties are fertile on their own.

Planting season

Like most latitudes, cherry seeds require cold exposure to germinate (an adaptation that prevents germination during the fall, which will then produce seeds that are killed by winter temperatures). Holes are planted in autumn (after first cooled) and seedlings appear in the spring. The cherry tree will take three to four years in the field to produce the first fruit harvest, and seven years to reach full maturity. Due to cold weather requirements, no member of the genus Prunus can grow in tropical climates.

Cherries have a short growing season and can grow in temperate climates. The cherries bloom in April (in the northern hemisphere) and the peak season for cherry harvest is in summer. In southern Europe in June, in North America in June, in Britain in mid-July, and in southern British Columbia (Canada) from June to mid-August. In many parts of North America, they include the first flowering and mature tree in mid-spring.

In the southern hemisphere, cherries are usually at its peak in late December and are widely associated with Christmas. 'Burat' is a preliminary early variety during early December, 'Lapin' ripens towards the end of December, and 'Sweetheart' finishes a little later.

Pests and diseases

Generally, cherries can be fruit trees that are difficult to grow and stay alive. In Europe, the first pests seen in the growing season immediately after bloom (in April in Western Europe) are usually black cherry aphids ("cherry blackfly", Myzus cerasi ), which causes the leaves at the ends. branches to roll, with the fly colony secreting sticky secretions that promote the growth of fungi in leaves and fruit. In the June/July (European) fruiting stage, cherryflies (Rhagoletis cingulata flies ) put their eggs in immature fruit , after which the larvae eat cherry meat and come out through a small hole (about 1 mm in diameter), which in turn is the entry point for cherry fungus infections after rain. In addition, cherry trees are susceptible to bacterial cancer, cytospora canker, brown rot of fruit, root rot of overly wet soil, crown rot, and some viruses.

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Cultivate

The following cultivars have been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit:

See sakura and Prunus for ornamental trees.

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Production

In 2014, world sweet cherry production reaches 2.25 million tons, with Turkey producing 20% ​​of this total. The main producers of other sweet cherries are the United States and Iran. The production of world acid cherry in 2014 is 1.36 million tons, led by Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and Poland.

Middle East

The main commercial cherry gardens of West Asia are in Turkey (mainly Anatolia), Iran, Syria, Uzbekistan, Lebanon (Bekaa Valley), and Israel (Golan Heights, Gush Eztion and Northern Galilee).

Europe

The main commercial cherry gardens in Europe are in Turkey, Italy, Spain and other Mediterranean regions, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic States and southern Scandinavia.

In France since the 1920s, the first cherry of the season came in April/May from the CÃÆ'  © ret (Pyrà © mones-Orientales) region, where local producers sent, as tradition since 1932, the first cherry chest to the president of the Republic.

North America

In the United States, most sweet cherries are grown in Washington, California, Oregon, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Essential cherry cultivars include Bing, Ulster, Rainier, Brooks, Tulare, King, and Sweetheart. Both Oregon and Michigan provide 'Royal Ann' ('Napoleon'; cyan alternates 'Queen Anne') for the maraschino cherry process. Most sour cherries (also called tarts) are grown in Michigan, followed by Utah, New York, and Washington. Sour cherries include 'Nanking' and 'Evans'. Traverse City, Michigan called "Cherry Capital of the World", hosts the National Cherry Festival and makes the world's largest cherry cake. The specific area of ​​northern Michigan known for its cherry tart production is referred to as the "Traverse Bay" area.

Most cherry varieties have a cold requirement of 800 hours or more, which means that to break dormancy, bloom, and regulate the fruit, winter should have at least 800 hours in which temperatures below 45 ° F (7 ° C). "Low Cold" varieties that require 300 hours or less are Minnie Royal and Royal Lee, require cross-polynial, while cultivars, Royal Crimson, are fertile on their own. This variety extends the range of cherry cultivation to mild winter areas in the southern US. This is a boon for sweet cherry California producers, as California is the second largest sweet cherry producer in the US.

The original and non-native sweet cherry fruit grows well in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia of Canada where the annual cherry party is celebrated for seven decades in a row in Osoyoos, the Okanagan Valley city. In addition to the Okanagan, other British Columbia cherry producing areas are the Similkameen Valley and Kootenay Valley, the three regions together produce 5.5 million kg per year or 60% of Canada's total production. Sweet cherry varieties in British Columbia include 'Rainier', 'Van', 'Chelan', 'Lapin', 'Sweetheart', 'Skeena', 'Staccato', 'Christalina' and 'Bing'.

Australia

In Australia, cherries are grown in all states except in the Northern Territory. The main producing areas are located in temperate climates in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. Western Australia has limited production in an elevated section in the southwest of the state. Major production areas include Young, Orange and Bathurst in New South Wales, Wandin, Goulburn and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Adelaide Hills region of South Australia, and Huon and Derwent Valleys in Tasmania.

Major commercial varieties in season order include 'Empress',' Merchant ',' Supreme ',' Ron's seedling ',' Chelan ',' Ulster ',' Van ',' Bing ',' Stella ',' Nordwunder ',' Lapin ',' Simone ',' Regina ',' Kordia 'and' Sweetheart '. New varieties were introduced, including 'Staccato' and 'Sequoia' at the end of the season. The Cherry Breeding Australia Program is developing a new range of varieties under evaluation.

The young town of New South Wales is called "Cherry Capital of Australia" and hosts the National Cherry Festival.

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Nutritional value

The raw sweet cherries contain 82% water, 16% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and can be ignored in fat (tables). As a raw fruit, sweet cherries provide little nutritional content per 100 g serving (tables of nutrition). Dietary fiber and vitamin C are present in the medium content while other vitamin and mineral foods each supply less than 10% of the Daily Value (DV) per serving, respectively (table).

Compared with the sweet cherries, raw acid cherries contain slightly higher content per 100 g of vitamin C (12% DV) and vitamin A (8% DV) (table).

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Other uses

Cherry wood is appreciated for its rich color and straight grains in the manufacture of fine furnishings, especially tables, tables and chairs.

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Species

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• Â "Cherry". The CyclopÃÆ'¦dia Amerika . 1879.

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