Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county of Greene County. At the 2010 census, the population was 159,498. By 2016, the Census Bureau estimates its population at 167,319. It is one of two major cities in the Springfield-Branson Metropolitan Area, which has a population of 541,991 and includes Christian counties, Dallas, Greene, Polk, Webster, Stone and Taney.
The Springfield nickname is "Queen City of the Ozarks" and is known as the "Birthplace of Route 66". It is home to several universities, including Missouri State University, Drury University, and Evangel University.
Video Springfield, Missouri
History
The origins of the city's name are unclear, but the most common view is that the name was named for Springfield, Massachusetts by migrants from the area. One account states that James Wilson, who lives in an unnamed city, offers free whiskey to anyone who will choose the name Springfield, after his hometown of Massachusetts.
Editor of Springfield Express, J. G. Newbill, said in his November 11, 1881 edition:
"It has been stated that this city got its name from the facts of springs and fields that are near the west of the city.But that is not the correct version.When the authorized person met and adopted the title of" Great Future "in Southwest, some of the earliest settlers have given their favorite names, among them Kindred Rose, who presented the winner's name, "Springfield," in honor of his former hometown of Springfield, Tennessee.
In 1883, the historian R. I. Holcombe wrote:
"The city takes its name from the circumstances there into spring at the bottom of the hill, in the creek, while on the hill, where the main part of the city lies, there is field >. "
Initial completion
The presence of Native Americans in the area slowed the European-American settlement. Long before the 1830s, the original Kickapoo and Osage, and Lenape (Delaware) from the mid Atlantic coast had settled in this common area. The Osage has been a dominant tribe for more than a century in a larger region.
On the southeast side of the city in 1812, about 500 Native Americans Kickapoo built a small village with about 100 wigwams. They left the place in 1828. Ten miles south of the Springfield site, Lenape had built large houses that borrowed Anglo-colonial style elements from the mid-Atlantic, where their people migrated.
The first European-American settlers to the area were John Polk Campbell and his brother, who moved to the area in 1829 from Tennessee. Campbell chose the area because of the natural well that flowed into a small river. He staked his claim by carving his initials on the tree. Cambell joins the settlers Thomas Finney, Samuel Weaver, and Joseph Miller. They went on to clear the trees to develop them for agriculture. A small general store opened soon.
In 1833, the southern part of the country was named Greene County after the hero of Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene. The legislature granted 50 acres of land to John Campbell for the creation of a county seat in 1835. Campbell built many city streets. The city was founded in 1838. In 1878, the city was nicknamed the "Queen of the Ozarks City."
The United States Government imposed the Indian Elimination during the 1830s, forcing the division of land in the Southeast and other regions, and relocating the tribe to the Indian Territory, which was later developed as Oklahoma. During the relocation of the indigenous Cherokee population in 1838, they called their Teardrops past Springfield to the west, along Old Wire Road.
Civil War
By 1861, Springfield's population had grown to about 2,000, and it had become an important commercial center. At the beginning of the American Civil War, Springfield was divided into loyalty, having been settled by people from North and South, as well as by German immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century who tended to support the Union.
The union and the Confederate army both recognized the strategic importance of the city and sought to control it. They fought at the Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, a few miles southwest of the city. The battle was a Confederate victory. Union troops retreated to Lebanon to regroup. When they returned, they found that most of the Confederate army had been withdrawn.
On October 25, 1861, Union Major Charles Zagonyi led an offensive against the rest of the Confederate in the area, in a battle known as the First Battle of Springfield, or Zagonyi Charge. The Zagonii people unleashed the Confederate flag from Springfield's public square and returned to the camp. This was the only Union victory in southwest Missouri in 1861. The increase in military activity in the area set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in northern Arkansas in March 1862.
On January 8, 1863, the Confederate army under General John S. Marmaduke advanced to take over Springfield and the battle in the city took place. But that night, the Confederation retreated. This is known as the Second Battle of Springfield. Marmaduke sent a message to the Union forces requesting that the Confederate victims have a proper burial. The city remained under the control of Union for the rest of the war. The US military uses Springfield as a supply base and a center of operations for military activities in the area.
Lynchings
The period after Reconstruction and entering the early 20th century continues to change socially, with white people attacking blacks in the South to maintain white supremacy. Several towns and counties in Missouri, particularly in the former burial areas, also have the death penalty for the freedmen and their descendants.
On April 14, 1906, a group of whites broke through Springfield county prison, and sentenced two black men, Horace Duncan and Fred Coker, for allegedly committing a sexual assault on Mina Edwards, a white woman. Then they returned to prison, where other African-American prisoners were detained, and pulled out Will Allen, who was accused of killing a white man. The three suspects were hanged in the Gottfried Tower, which housed a replica of the Statue of Liberty, and burned in the courthouse with a mass of more than 2,000 whites. Judge Azariah W. Lincoln asked the jury, but no one was charged. The process is covered by national newspapers, the New York Times and Los Angeles Times . Soon after, local Missouri residents reportedly issued two warning coins.
Duncan and Coker's companies testified that they were in business at the time of crimes against Edwards, and other evidence shows that they and Allen were all innocent. All three are the only recording of his successor in Greene County. But extrajudicial killings were part of a pattern of discrimination, repeated violence and intimidation of African Americans in this town and southwest Missouri from 1894 to 1909, in an attempt to expel them from the territory. The white man in Lawrence County also molested three African-American men during this period. After the mass execution in Springfield, many African-Americans left the area with a mass exodus.
In the 21st century, African Americans are a very small minority in Springfield and throughout the Ozarks. A historic plaque on the southeast corner of the Springfield court building commemorates Duncan, Coker, and Allen, three victims of mass violence.
Maps Springfield, Missouri
Geography
Springfield is on 37Ã, Â ° 11? 42? N 93 Â ° 17? 10? W (37.195098, -93.286213), in the Springfield Plateau of the Ozarks, in the southern highlands of the United States. According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​82.31 square miles (213.2 square kilometers), of which 81.72 square miles (211.7 square kilometers) is landlocked and 0.59 square miles (1.5 square kilometers) (0.7%) is water.
The city of Springfield is mostly flat with hills and cliffs that surround the southern, eastern and northern parts. Springfield is in Springfield Plateau, reaching from Northwest Arkansas to Central Missouri. Most of the highlands are characterized by forests, grasslands and bush habitats. Many rivers and streams, such as the James River, Galloway Creek and Jordan Creek, flow in or near the city. Nearby lakes include Table Rock Lake, Stockton Lake, McDaniel Lake, Fellows Lake, Lake Springfield, and Lake Pomme de Terre. Springfield is near the US population center, about 80 miles (130 km) to the east.
Climate
Springfield has four distinct seasons. It has an average surface wind velocity proportional to Chicago, according to information compiled at the National Climatic Data Center at NOAA. These are placed in "Power Class 3" in the Atlas of Wind Energy Resources issued by the US Department of Energy branch; has an average wind speed of 6.4 to 7.0 miles per hour.
Springfield is located at the northern border of humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), as defined by the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification system. Thus, he experiences an extraordinary time of moisture; especially in late summer. Daily average daily temperatures range from 32.6 Â ° F (0.3 Â ° C) in January to 78.2 Â ° F (25.7 Â ° C) in July. On average, there are 39 days from 90Ã, Â ° F (32Ã, Â ° C) highest, 2.0 days from 100Ã, Â ° F (38Ã, Â ° C) highest, 16 days where high fails to rise above freezing point, and 2.5 nights lowest at or below 0 Â ° F (-18 Â ° C) per year. It has an average annual rainfall of 45.6 inches (1,160 mm), including an average of 17.0 inches (43 cm) of snow. Extremes in the temperature range from -29 Â ° F (-34 Â ° C) on February 12, 1899 to 113 Â ° F (45 Â ° C) on July 14, 1954.
According to the 2007 story in the magazine's list of "The Wildest Cities in America" ​​and the Weather Variety Index, Springfield is the most varied weather city in the United States. On May 1, 2013, Springfield reached a high temperature of 81 degrees Fahrenheit. On the evening of May 2nd, it snowed, continuing to the next day and eventually accumulated to about two inches.
Demographics
census 2010
In the 2010 census, there were 159,498 people, 69,754 households, and 35,453 families living in the city. Population density was 1,951.8 souls per square mile (753.6/km 2 ). There are 77,620 housing units with an average density of 949.8 per square mile (366.7/km 2 ). City's racial makeup is 88.7% White, 4.1% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Island, 1.2% of other races, and 3.2% % of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino race of any 3.7% of the population.
There were 69,754 households that 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 11.8% had unmarried female households present, 4.7% had households men without wife, and 49.2% not family. 37.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.81.
The average age in the city is 33.2 years. 18.3% of the population is under 18 years of age; 18.4% were between 18 and 24; 26% are from 25 to 44; 22.7% are from 45 to 64; and 14.5% are 65 years old or older. The urban gender structure is 48.5% male and 51.5% female.
census 2000
According to the 2000 US Census, 151,580 people, 64,691 households, and 35,709 families living in the city. Population density is 2,072.0 people per square mile (800.0/km 2 ). There are 69,650 housing units with an average density of 952.1/mi 2 (367.6/km 2 ). City's racial makeup is 91.69% White, 3.27% African American, 0.75% Native American, 1.36% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Island, 0.88% of other races, and 1.95 % of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race is 2.31% of the population.
There were 64,691 households where 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had unmarried female households present, and 44.8% is not family. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.82. In cities 19.9% ​​were under the age of 18, 17.4% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% were 65 years or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 women, there are 92.9 men. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 90.0 men.
The average income for households in the city is $ 29,563, and the average income for families is $ 38,114. Men have an average income of $ 27,778 compared to $ 20,980 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 17,711. Approximately 9.9% of families and 15.9% of the population are below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those aged 65 and older.
Nearby Areas
Listed
Lingkungan terdaftar termasuk: Bissett, Bradford Park, Doling, Grant Beach, Heart of the Westside, Midtown, Oak Grove, Parkcrest, Phelps Grove, Robberson, Rountree, Tom Watkins, Weller, West Central, Westside Community Betterment, dan Woodland Heights
Kelompok lingkungan terafiliasi
Affiliated neighborhood groups not listed with the city include:
- Cinnamon On The Hill
- Cinnamon Square
- Cooper Estates
- Fox Grape
- Kay Pointe
- Kingsbury Forest
- Lakewood Village
- Mission Hills
- National Places
- Parkwest Village
- Parkwood Survival
- Quail Creek
- Ravenwood South
- Sherman Ave Project Area
- Spring Creek
- Lightweight
Economy
Springfield's economy is based on health care, manufacturing, retailing, education, and tourism. With a Gross Metropolitan Product of $ 13.66 billion in 2004, Springfield's economy makes up 6.7% of Gross Domestic Product in Missouri.
Total retail sales exceed $ 4.1 billion annually in Springfield and $ 5.8 billion in Springfield MSA. The largest shopping center is the Battlefield Mall. According to the Springfield Convention & amp; Visitor Bureau, estimated 3,000,000 overnight visitors and daily travelers visiting the city. The city has more than 60 lodging facilities and 6,000 hotel rooms. Conventions & amp; The Visitor Bureau spends more than $ 1,000,000 annually marketing the city as a travel destination.
Positronic, Bass Pro Shop, John Q. Hammons Hotels & amp; Resort, BKD, Noble & amp; Associates, Prime, Inc., Springfield ReManufacturing, and O'Reilly Auto Parts have their national headquarters in Springfield. In addition, two main Christian American denominations - the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States (one of the largest Pentecostal denominations) and the Baptist Bible Fellowship International (a fundamentalist Baptist denomination founded by J. Frank Norris) - centered in the city.
Top entrepreneurs
According to the Springfield Area Chamber of Commerce, top businessmen in the metro area are:
Government
Springfield City Government is based on a board-manager system. By charter, the city has eight board members, each elected for a non-partisan four-year term, and a mayor elected for a two-year term. The mayor is Ken McClure. Board members include Phyllis Ferguson (Zone 1), Dr. Thomas Prater (Zone 2), Mike Schilling (Zone 3), Craig Fishel (Zone 4), Jan Fisk (General A), Craig Hosmer (General B), Kristi Fulnecky (General C) and Richard Ollis (General D). Greg Burris, the city manager, appointed by the council to become chief executive and city administration official, imposed the law as required by the city charter. The officer presiding over the board meeting is the mayor. Board meetings are held every other Monday night at Chambers Chambers. The selection of city council was held the first Tuesday in April.
City Utilities of Springfield (CU) is a city-owned utility that serves the Springfield area with electricity, natural gas, water, telecommunications and transit services. CU provides services to over 106,000 subscribers.
Education
The Springfield Public School District is the largest district in the state of Missouri with official enrollment falling in 2011 out of 24,366 students attending 50 schools. Public high schools include High School, Kickapoo Secondary School, Hillcrest Middle School, Parkview High School, and Glendale High School. Private secondary schools include the Sudbury Springfield School, the Peak Preparation School, the Greenwood Laboratory School, the New Testament College, the Springfield Lutheran School, the Catholic High School of Springfield, the Springfield Christian School, and the Grace Classic Academy.
Springfield has several colleges and universities. Founded in 1905 as the Fourth District Normal School, Missouri State University (MSU) is the second largest university state with registration, with over 24,000 students. For the seventh year in a row, MSU was selected for the 2010 The Princeton Review ' list of "Best Colleges: Territories by Region." Drury University is a private university with nearly 5,000 students and is consistently ranked in the US. News & amp; World Report's Top 10 Universities in the Midwest. Ozarks Technical Community College (OTC) is the second largest college in the city of Springfield, has more than 15,000 students in attendance. MSU, Drury, and OTC are all located in and around downtown Springfield.
Other colleges in Springfield include Baptist Bible College, Evangel University and Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, and Cox College (Nursing and Allied Health). College campuses in Springfield include Mercy College of Nursing and Health Sciences from Southwest Baptist University, Everest College, Columbia College, Webster University, and University of Phoenix. In 2013, the consolidation of Central Bible College, Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, and Evangel University took place and is now known as Evangel University.
Parks and recreation
The Springfield-Greene County Park Board manages 3,200 acres and 103 sites, including Nathanael Greene/Close Memorial Park, containing the historic Gray-Campbell Farmstead, Mizumoto Japanese Stroll Garden, Master Gardener demonstration garden, Dr. Bill Roston Native Butterfly House, and Springfield-Greene County Botanical Center; Rutledge-Wilson Farming Community Park; Mediacom Ice Garden; Cooper Park and Sports Complex; Dickerson Park Zoo; and other public parks, community centers and facilities.
Ozark Greenways Inc. the non-profit promotes local recreation and cycling through the establishment of a green line, including a 35-mile gravel path, the Frisco Highline Trail connecting Springfield to the town of Bolivar, and a small lane linking the parks and interesting sites within the city and district.
The Missouri Conservation Department operates the Springfield Nature Center and a number of nearby conservation areas.
The National Park Service operates the nearby Wilson's Creek National Battlefield.
The Springfield metropolitan area is quite well developed, but is located within close proximity of recreational lakes, waterways, caves and forests, such as James River, Busiek State Forest, Lake Springfield, Table Rock Lake, Buffalo National River, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, and The Caverns were Fantastic.
Sports
Springfield plays host to college teams from Missouri State University (NCAA Division I-Football Championship Subdivision), Drury University (NCAA Division II), Evangel University (NAIA) and several minor professional teams (see below). The Springfield Cardinals, a Double-A affiliate of St. Louis Cardinals, has been playing at Hammons Field in downtown Springfield since his inaugural season in 2005. Springfield is also home to a number of amateur sporting events. The PGA sponsored Price Cutter Charity Championship is played at the Highland Springs Country Club on the southeast side of Springfield. Missouri Sports Hall of Fame is also located near the city. The JQH Arena, which opened in 2009, is home to Missouri State University Bears and the Lady Bears basketball team, and the O'Reilly Family Center Event, which opens in autumn 2010, now a new home to the University of the male Drury Panthers and the basketball team women. Springfield Rugby Football Club (SRFC) was founded in 1983 and is a famous rugby club in Midwestern United States. SRFC plays in Division III of the Western Area Border Region and runs teams for men, women and youth in the area.
Culture
Like many cities across the country, Springfield has seen a revival in the downtown area. Many old buildings have been, and continue to be, renovated into mixed buildings such as attics, office space, restaurants, coffee shops, bars, boutiques, and music venues. Downtown Springfield CID (Community Improvement District) has a restored historic theater to its original state, including Gillioz Theater and Landers Theater.
In 2001, Stage I of Jordan Valley Gardens opened with the Mediacom Ice Garden. Phase II of Jordan Valley Park completed in 2012. 2001 also saw the opening of The Creamery Arts Center, a city-owned building inside Jordan Valley Park. It is home to Springfield Regional Art Council, Springfield Regional Opera, Springfield Ballet, and Springfield Symphony Orchestra and provides offices and meeting rooms for other art organizations serving the community. The center has been renovated to include two art galleries with monthly exhibitions, the Art Library, an exercise studio and a classroom offering art workshops and live activities. Facilities also include outdoor class.
The March 2009 article New York Times describes the history and growth of cashew chicken in Springfield, where local variations of popular Chinese dishes are everywhere. There are several art events held each year including Walnut Street Arts Fest and the Missouri Literary Festival. The First Friday Art Walk takes place on the first Friday of every month.
Country music
During the 1950s, Springfield was ranked third in the US for starting a network television program, behind New York and Hollywood. The four national television series aired came from the city between 1955 and 1961: Ozark Jubilee and its spin-off, Five Star Jubilee ; Talent Varieties ; and The Eddy Arnold Show . All done directly by ABC except for Five Star Jubilee on NBC and produced by Springfield's Crossroads TV Productions, owned by Ralph D. Foster. Many of the biggest names in country music are often visited or lived in Springfield at the time. City officials estimate the program means about 2,000 visitors each week and "more than $ 1,000,000 in new revenue."
Staged at the Jewell Theater (destroyed in 1961), Ozark Jubilee is the nation's first national music TV show featuring top stars and attracting significant audiences. Five Stars Jubilee , produced from Landers Theater, is the first networked color television series to come from outside of New York City or Hollywood. Ironically, NBC Springfield affiliate KYTV-TV (who helped produce the program) is not equipped to broadcast in color and broadcast the show in black and white.
The ABC, NBC and Mutual radio networks also all carry nationwide country music events from Springfield for a decade, including Korn's-A-Krackin ' (Mutual) KWTO'S . The Ozark Hillbilly Medallion
The Springfield Chamber of Commerce once presented an honorary guest with "Ozark Hillbilly Medallion" and a certificate stating that honors are "hillsides in the Ozarks." On June 7, 1953, US President Harry Truman received a medal after a breakfast speech at the Temple Mosque for the 35th Division reunion. Other recipients include US Army generals Omar Bradley and Matthew Ridgway, US Representatives, Dewey Short, J. C. Penney, Johnny Olson, Ralph Story, and Nelson King's disc jockey.
Museums and other points of interest
List of National Historic Places
Transportation
Highway
Springfield is served by Interstate 44, which connects the city with St. Louis and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Route 13 (Kansas Expressway) brings traffic north to Kansas City. Routes of US 60, Route 65 US, and Route 160 US pass through town.
Jalan-jalan utama meliputi Glenstone Avenue, Sunshine Street (Missouri Route 413), National Avenue, Division Street, Campbell Avenue, Kansas Expressway, Battlefield Road, Republic Road, West Bypass, Chestnut Expressway, dan Kearney Street.
Springfield is also the site of the first diverging diamond junction in the United States, at the junction of I-44 and MO-13 (Kansas Expressway) (in 37,2503 Â ° N 93,3107 Â ° W / 37,2503; -93,3107 ( Springfield, Missouri deviate interchange diamond ) ).
The US 66 and US Route 166 route past Springfield, and the historic 66 US sections can still be seen in the city. Eastern Terminus 166 US once was in the northeastern part of the city, and US 60 (westward) originally ended in downtown Springfield. US 60 is now passing through the city at James River Freeway. In mid-November 2013, the city began discussing plans to increase the section of Schoolcraft Freeway (Highway 65) and James River Freeway (Highway 60) through the city to Interstate 44. The main reason is to minimize confusion if there was an incident on I-44 as a detour route.
Airport
Springfield-Branson National Airport (SGF) serves cities with direct flights to 10 cities. This is the main air gateway to the Springfield area. Downtown Airport is also a public airport located near the city center. In May 2009, the Springfield-Branson airport opened a new passenger terminal. Financing includes $ 97 million in bonds issued by airports and $ 20 million from discretionary federal flight funds, with no city taxes used. The building covers 275,000 square feet (25,500 m 2 ), 10 gates (expandable up to 60) and 1,826 parking spaces. Direct connections from Springfield are available to Atlanta, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Destin/Ft. Walton Beach, Ft. Myers, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Orlando, Phoenix and Tampa. There are no international flights that have regular service to Springfield-Branson, but do not serve international charters.
Train
Passenger trains have not served Springfield since 1967, but over 65 freight trains travel to, from, and through the city every day. Springfield was once home to the headquarters and main shops of St. Louis. Louis-San Francisco Railroad (Frisco). By the 1960s, Kansas City-Florida Special ran from Kansas City to Jacksonville, Florida, and Sunnyland stretched between Kansas City and Birmingham and New Orleans. The train also operates two daily trains to St. Louis via Springfield: Meteor and Will Rogers . Both continue southwest to Oklahoma City via Tulsa. Meteor proceeded to Lawton, Oklahoma.
Frisco was absorbed by North Burlington (BN) in 1980, and in 1994, BN joined Santa Fe, creating the current Northern Railfield Railway (BNSF). BNSF has three yard switches (two small) in Springfield. The main route to and from Kansas City, St. Louis, Memphis and Tulsa met at the railroad yard facility in northern Springfield. In October 2006, the BNSF announced plans to increase Tulsa and Memphis's major networks to Springfield to handle the addition of four to six inter-modal daily rail links between the West and Southeast Coast. The Missouri Railway and Northern Arkansas also operate several miles (former Missouri Pacific) industrial lanes in the city.
Health Care
Springfield is a regional medical center with six hospitals and over 2,200 beds. The city health care system offers every specialty listed by the American Medical Association. Two of the top 100 hospitals in the US (CoxHealth and Mercy Health System) are in Springfield, and both are in the midst of an expansion project. The industry employs 30,000 people in the Springfield metro area.
The United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, one of six federal agencies designed to address the health problems of federal prisoners, is located on the corner of W. Sunshine Street and Kansas Expressway.
Media
The city's main daily newspaper is Springfield News-Leader . Other newspapers for Springfield include Daily Events (daily), Free Community Press (biweekly), Springfield Business Journal (weekly), The Standard (weekly), and TAG Magazine (monthly).
Television stations broadcast in Springfield include KYTV (NBC/Weather), KGHZ (ABC), KCZ-TV (CW), KOLR (CBS), KOZK (PBS/Create/OPT), KRBK (FOX/MeTV), KOZL (independent , MyNetworkTV), KWBM (Daystar), KRFT (Mundo/TNN/RETRO TV). Springfield Special Market Area (SPR-DMA) is the 75th largest in the United States. This area consists of 31 counties in southwest Missouri and Arkansas. There are 423,010 households with televisions.
Radio stations received in Springfield are:
Twin Cities
- Isesaki, Japan
- Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico
See also
- List of people from Springfield, Missouri
- List of tallest buildings in Springfield, Missouri
- The Springfield Three
- Small Town
Note
References
Further reading
- McIntyre, Stephen L., ed. Springfield Urban History: Essay on the Queen City of Missouri Ozarks (Springfield: Moon City Press, 2012) 352 pp.
External links
- Springfield City
- Springfield Convention & amp; Visitor Bureau
- Springfield County Chamber of Commerce
- Springfield City Center
- Historic map of Springfield at Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at University of Missouri
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments