The Palazzo Pitti (Italian pronunciation : Ã, [pa'lattso 'pitti] ) , in English sometimes called Pitti Palace , is a spacious palace, especially the Renaissance, in Florence, Italy. It is located on the south side of the River Arno, not far from Ponte Vecchio. The core of the palazzo today dates from 1458 and was originally the residence of the town of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker.
The palace was purchased by the Medici family in 1549 and became the home of the ruling family at the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It grows as a great treasure house when the next generation collects paintings, plates, jewelry, and luxury items.
By the end of the 18th century, the palazzo was used as a power base by Napoleon and later served for a brief period as the new Imperial Palace of the United Kingdom. The palace and its contents were donated to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919.
The Palazzo is now the largest museum complex in Florence. The main palazzo block, often in this design building known as de logical corps, is 32,000 square meters. It is divided into several major galleries or museums detailed below.
Video Palazzo Pitti
History
Initial history
The construction of this tough and forbidding building was commissioned in 1458 by banker Florentine Luca Pitti (1398-1472), a major supporter and friend of Cosimo de 'Medici. The early history of Palazzo Pitti is a mixture of facts and myths. Pitti is alleged to have instructed that the windows are larger than the entrance of the Palazzo Medici. The 16th-century art historian, Giorgio Vasari, argues that Brunelleschi is the architect of the palazzo, and that his disciple Luca Fancelli is only his assistant in the task, but today is generally Fancelli credited. In addition to the obvious differences from the old architect's style, Brunelleschi died 12 years before the palazzo construction began. Design and fenestration show that unknown architects are more experienced in utilitarian domestic architecture than in the humanist rules defined by Alberti in his book De Re Aedificatoria .
Though impressive, the original palazzo will not be a resident rival of Florentine Medici in terms of size or content. Anyone architect of Palazzo Pitti, he moves against the current of contemporary fashion. The carved stone carvings provide a strong and powerful atmospheric palazzo, reinforced by three recurrent series of seven curved heads, reminiscent of Roman water channels. The Roman-style architecture attracted Florentine's interest in the new style of all'antica . This original design has survived the test of time: the recurring formula of façade continued during the subsequent addition to the palazzo, and its influence can be seen in many 16th century replicas and 19th century revivals. The work ceased after Pitti suffered financial losses after the death of Cosimo de 'Medici in 1464. Luca Pitti died in 1472 with an unfinished building.
The Medici
The building was sold in 1549 by Buonaccorso Pitti, the descendant of Luca Pitti, to Eleonora in Toledo. Raised in the luxurious palace of Naples, Eleonora is the wife of Cosimo I de 'Medici of Tuscany, then Grand Duke. Upon moving to the palace, Cosimo told Vasari to enlarge the structure to suit his taste; the palace was more than doubled with the addition of new blocks along the rear. Vasari also built Vasari Corridor, a street above ground from the old palace of Cosimo and the administrative center, Palazzo Vecchio, via the Uffizi, above Ponte Vecchio to Palazzo Pitti. This allows the Grand Duke and his family to move easily and safely from their official residence to Palazzo Pitti. Initially Palazzo Pitti was used mostly to accommodate official guests and to occasionally function in the palace, while Medici's main residence stayed at Palazzo Vecchio. Only during the reign of Eleonora's son, Francesco I and his wife Johanna from Austria, the palazzo was permanently occupied and became home to the Medicis art collection.
The land on the Boboli hill on the back of the palazzo was obtained to create large formal gardens and gardens, today known as the Boboli Park. The landscape architect employed for this is a Medici court artist NiccolÃÆ'² Tribolo, who died the following year; he was quickly replaced by Bartolommeo Ammanati. The original design of the gardens is centered on an amphitheater, behind the corps de logis of palazzo. The first recorded drama like that done there was Andria by Terence in 1476. Followed by many classic dramas inspired by Florence playwrights like Giovan Battista Cini. Done for the entertainment of Medici's cultivated palace, they feature an elaborate set designed by Baldassarre Lanci palace architect.
Maps Palazzo Pitti
kortile and extension
With the garden project well in hand, Ammanati turned his attention to creating a large yard immediately behind the main façade, to connect the palazzo to his new garden. This page has a widely distributed weighting, especially for Paris palais of Maria de 'Medici, Luxembourg. In Ammanati's main façade also creates windows finestre mauocchiate ("kneeling", referring to the likeness they imagine to prie-dieu , Michelangelo's device), replacing the entrance bay at each end. During the years 1558-70, Ammanati created the monumental staircase to lead with more grandeur to the piano nobile, and he spread his wings in front of the garden that embraced a yard dug into a steep hillside at the same level as piazza in front, from where it looks through the arch of the basement center. At the side of the courtyard Amannati built a cave, called "the cave of Moses" for the porphyry statue that inhabits it. On the terrace above, parallel to the piano nobile window, Ammanati built a fountain centered on the wick; it was later replaced by Fontana del Carciofo ("Artichoke Fountain"), designed by Giambologna's former assistant, Francesco Susini, and completed in 1641.
In 1616, a competition was held to design the extension to the main town façade by three bays at both ends. Giulio Parigi won the commission; working on the north side started in 1618, and on the south side in 1631 by Alfonso Parigi. During the 18th century, two perpendicular wings were built by architect Giuseppe Ruggeri to enhance and emphasize widening through Romana, which created a faia-centered piazza, a prototype of the cour d'honneur copied in France. Sporadic smaller additions and changes were made over the years thereafter under other rulers and architects.
On one side of the Garden is a strange cave designed by Bernardo Buontalenti. The lower façade was started by Vasari but the upstairs architecture was toppled by "dripping" stalactites of pumice stone with the Medici emblem in the center. The interior is also the same between architecture and nature; the first room had a copy of Michelangelo's four unfinished slaves emerging from the corners that seemed to carry a vault with open oculus in the center and painted as a rural rider with animals, figures and plants. Figures, animals and trees made of rough cement and pumice adorn the lower walls. A short hallway leads to a small second and third chamber which has a central fountain with Venus Giambologna in the center of the hollow, peering at the fear in his shoulders in the four satyrs that sprayed the water jets toward him from the edge.
Lorraine and Savoy House
The palazzo remains the main Medici residence until the last male Medici heir died in 1737. It was later occupied briefly by his sister, the old Electress Palatine; on his death, the Medici dynasty became extinct and the palazzo escaped to the new Grand Dukes of Tuscany, the Austrian House of Lorraine, in the person of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. Austrian ownership was interrupted briefly by Napoleon, who used the palazzo during his period of rule over Italy.
When Tuscany graduated from the House of Lorraine to the House of Savoy in 1860, Palazzo Pitti was included. After Risorgimento, when Florence briefly capital of the Kingdom of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II lived in palazzo until 1871. His grandson, Victor Emmanuel III, presented the palazzo to the nation in 1919. The palazzo and other buildings in Boboli Gardens were later divided into five separate art galleries and a museum, not only accommodate much of its original content, but the priceless artifacts of many other collections obtained by the state. 140 rooms open to the public are parts of the interior, most of which are the final product of the original part of the structure, mostly made in two phases, one in the 17th century and the other at the beginning of the 18th century. Some of the previous interiors remain, and there are additional additions like the Throne Room. In 2005 the surprising discovery of a forgotten 18th century bathroom in the palazzo revealed a remarkable example of a contemporary pipe that is very similar to a 21st century bathroom.
Palatine Gallery
- View part of job list in Collections of Palazzo Pitti
The Palatine Gallery, the main gallery of the Palazzo Pitti, contains a large ensemble of over 500 paintings especially the Renaissance, which was once part of the 'Medicis' private art collection and their successors. The gallery, which overflowed into the royal apartment, contains works by Raphael, Titian, Perugino (Lament to the Dead Christ), Correggio, Peter Paul Rubens, and Pietro da Cortona. Characters from galleries are still private collections, and artwork is displayed and hung as they are in the big room they want rather than following chronological order, or arranged according to art school.
The finest rooms are decorated by Pietro da Cortona in a high baroque style. Initially Cortona frescoed a small room on a piano nobile called Sala della Stufa with a series depicting the Four Century Human Ages that were very well received; The Age of Gold and the Age of Silver were painted in 1637, followed in 1641 by the Age of Bronze and Age of Iron and Age of Gold >. They are considered among the mahakaryanya. The artist was then asked to fresco a grand reception hall that was magnificent; suite of five rooms in front of the palazzo. In these five Planetary Spaces, the order of the hierarchy of the gods is based on Ptolemy's cosmology; Venus, Apollo, Mars, Jupiter (Medici Throne space) and Saturn, but minus Mercury and Moon that should have come before Venus. The highly ornate ceilings with frescoes and intricate plasterwork basically celebrate the Medici lineage and the gifted virtuous leadership. Cortona left Florence in 1647, and his student and collaborator, Ciro Ferri, completed the cycle in the 1660s. They inspired the Planet Room later in Louis XIV Versailles, designed by Le Brun.
The collection was first opened to the public at the end of the 18th century, albeit somewhat reluctantly, by Grand Duke Leopold, the first enlightened ruler in Tuscany, who wished to gain popularity after the death of the Medici.
Chamber of the Palatine Gallery
The Palatine Gallery has 28 rooms, including:
- Castagnoli Room : named after the ceiling fresco painter. In this room was exposed portraits of the families of the Medici and Lorraine rulers, and the Table of the Muses , the great work of an ornamental stone table embodied by Opificio delle Pietre Dure between 1837 and 1851.
- The Ark Room : contains a painting by Giovan Battista Caracciolo (17th century). In 1816, the ceiling was painted by Luigi Ademollo with Noah entering Jerusalem with the Ark .
- Room of Psyche: named ceiling fresco from the ceiling by Giuseppe Collignon; it contains paintings by Salvator Rosa from 1640-1650.
- Hall of Poccetti : The paintings in the vault were once considered to belong to Bernardino Poccetti, but are now attributed to Matteo Rosselli. In the center of the hall is the table (1716) commissioned by Cosimo III. In the hall there are also works by Rubens and Pontormo.
- Prometheus Room : named after fresco by Giuseppe Collignon (19th century) and contains a large collection of round-shaped paintings: between them is Madonna with the Child by Filippino Lippi (century -15), two portraits by Botticelli and paintings by Pontormo and Domenico Beccafumi.
- The Justice Room : has a ceiling painted by Antonio Fedi (1771-1843), and features portraits (16th century) by Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese.
- Ulysses Room : drawn in 1815 by Gaspare Martellini, containing initial works by Filippino Lippi and Raphael.
- The Iliad Room : contains Madonna of the Panciatichi Family and Madonna Passerini (c- 1522-1523 and 1526 respectively) by Andrea del Sarto, and paintings by Artemisia Gentileschi (17th century).
- Saturn Room : contains Portrait of Agnolo Doni (1506), Madonna chair (1516), and Portrait of Cardinal Inghirami (1516) by Raphael; it also contains Annunciation (1528) by Andrea del Sarto, and Jesus and the Evangelists (1516) by Fra Bartolomeo.
- Jupiter's Room : contains Veil Women , a famous portrait by Raphael (1516) which, according to Vasari, represents a woman beloved by an artist. Among the other works in the room, Paintings by Rubens, Andrea del Sarto and Perugin
- Mars Space : characterized by works of Rubens: allegories representing War Consequences (hence the name of the room) and Four Philosophers (among them Rubens describes himself, on the left). In the vault is a fresco by Pietro da Cortona, Triumph of the Medici .
- The Apollo Room : it contains Madonna with the Saints (1522) by Il Rosso, from the Church of St. Spirito, and two paintings by Titian : a Magdalen and Portrait of a British nobleman (between 1530 and 1540).
- Venus Space : contains Venere Italica (1810) by Canova commissioned by Napoleon. On the wall is a sight (1640-50) by Salvator Rosa and four paintings by Titian, 1510-1545. Among Titian's paintings are Portrait of Pope Julius II (1545) and La Bella (1535).
- White Hall : after ball room at court, characterized by white decor and often used for temporary exhibitions.
The Royal Apartments include 14 accommodations. Their decor has been converted into a Royal style by the Savoy, but there are still some rooms that retain the decor and furnishings of the Medici era.
The Green Room, drawn by Giuseppe Castagnoli in the early 19th century. It exhibits the Intersia Cabinet of the 17th century and the Bronze Bronze Collection; The Throne Room is decorated for King Vittorio Emanuele II of the Savoy and is characterized by red brocade on walls and by Japanese and Chinese Vases (17-18th century).
The Blue Room berisi Furnitur yang dikumpulkan (abad 17-18-18) dan Potret anggota Keluarga Medici yang dilukis oleh Justus Sustermans (1597-1681).
Karya seni utama
Galeri Lainnya
Royal Apartments
It is a suite of 14 rooms, previously used by the Medici family, and occupied by their successors. These rooms have been largely changed since the Medici era, recently in the 19th century. They contain a collection of Medici portraits, many of them by artist Giusto Sustermans. In contrast to the large salons that contain the Palatine collection, some of these rooms are much smaller and more intimate, and, while still magnificent and gilded, are more suited to the needs of daily living. The period furniture includes four-poster beds and other necessary furniture not found elsewhere in the palazzo. The last Italian kings used Palazzo Pitti in the 1920s. At that time it has been converted into a museum, but the suite of rooms (now Gallery of Modern Art) is provided for them when visiting Florence formally.
Gallery of Modern Art
This gallery came from the renovation of the Florentine academy in 1748, when the Modern Art gallery was founded. The gallery is meant to hold award-winning artworks in an academy competition. Palazzo Pitti is being redecorated on a large scale at the moment and new artwork is being collected to decorate the newly decorated salons. In the mid-19th century so many of Grand Ducal's paintings of modern art were heavily moved to the Palazzo della Crocetta, which became the first home of the newly formed "Museum of Modern Art".
After Risorgimento and the expulsion of the Grand Ducal family from the palazzo, all of Grand Ducal's modern artworks are united under one roof in the new "Academy Gallery". The collection continues to grow, especially under the protection of Vittorio Emanuele II. However it was not until 1922 that this gallery was moved to Palazzo Pitti where it was furnished with further modern art work in the possession of both the state and the municipality of Florence. The collection was placed in an apartment that was recently emptied by members of the Royal Italian family. The gallery was first opened for public visits in 1928.
Today, increasingly enlarged and spread in 30 rooms, this large collection includes works by Macchiaioli movement artists and other modern Italian schools in the late 19th and early 20th century. The images by artist Macchiaioli are a special note, as the school of 19th century Tuscan painters led by Giovanni Fattori was the early pioneer and founder of the impressionist movement. The title of "modern art galleries" for some people may sound untrue, because the art in the gallery covers the period from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. No example of art is then included in the collection since In Italy, "modern art" refers to the period before World War II; what has been followed is commonly known as "contemporary art" ( arte contemporanea ). In Tuscany this art can be found at Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci in Prato, a town about 15 km (9 miles) from Florence.
Silver Museum
The Silver Museum, sometimes called "The Medici Treasury", contains an invaluable silver collection, brilliant acting, and works in semi-precious stones, many of which last from the Lorenzo de 'Medici collection, including an ancient vase collection, many with golden ridge fine silver was added for the purpose of the exhibition in the 15th century. These rooms, formerly part of a royal private apartment, are decorated with 17th century frescoes, the most beautiful creatures of Giovanni da San Giovanni, from 1635 to 1636. The Silver Museum also contains a beautiful collection of German gold and silver artifacts purchased by Grand Duke Ferdinand after returning from exile in 1815, after the French occupation.
Porselen Museum
First opened in 1973, the museum is housed in Casino del Cavaliere in Boboli Park. Porcelain comes from many of Europe's most famous porcelain factories, with SÃÆ'¨vres and Meissen near Dresden well represented. Many items in the collection were a gift to the Florentine rulers of other European rulers, while other works were specifically commissioned by the Grand Ducal court. Of particular note are some great dinner service by the Vincennes factory, later renamed SÃÆ'¨vres, and a collection of small biscuit statues.
Costume Gallery
Located on the wing known as "Palazzina della Meridiana", this gallery contains a collection of theater costumes dating from the 16th century to the present day. It is also the only museum in Italy detailing the history of Italian fashion. One of the new collections to the palazzo, founded in 1983 by Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti; suite fourteen rooms, Meridiana apartment, completed in 1858.
In addition to the theater costume, the gallery displays the clothes worn between the 18th century and today. Some unique exhibits to Palazzo Pitti; this includes the 16th century burial garbage of Grand Duke Cosimo I de 'Medici, and his wife Eleonora of Toledo and their son Garzia, both of whom died of malaria. Their bodies will be shown in the country wearing their best clothes, before being polite in a more polite outfit before the funeral. This gallery also showcased a collection of 20th century costume jewelry. The Sala Meridiana originally sponsored a functional solar meridian instrument, built into the fresco decoration by Anton Domenico Gabbiani.
Carriages Museum
This ground floor museum showcased the carriages and other conveyance used by the Grand Ducal courts especially in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The extent of the exhibition prompted one visitor in the 19th century to wonder, "On behalf of all the amazing, how can they find space for all these horsemen and horses ". Some of the coaches are very decorative, decorated not only by gold but by landscapes painted on their panels. Used at grandest events, such as "Carrozza d'Oro" (golden cart), overcome by a golden crown that will show the rank and station of the train occupants. The other wagons on sight are those used by the King of Sicily, and Archbishop and other distinguished Florentine officials.
The Palazzo today
Today, transformed from the royal palace into a museum, Palazzo is in the hands of the Italian state through "Polo Museale Fiorentino", an institution that manages twenty museums, including the Uffizi Gallery, and has the primary responsibility for 250,000 catalog artworks. Regardless of its metamorphosis from royal dwellings to a state-owned public building, palazzo, sitting on its elevated site overlooking Firenze, still maintains the air and atmosphere of a private collection in a large house. This is largely because of the "Amici di Palazzo Pitti" (Friends of Palazzo Pitti), a volunteer and customer organization founded in 1996, which raises funds and makes suggestions for palazzo maintenance and collections, and to continually improve their visual appearance.
Pastiche
The KÃÆ'¶nigsbau Wing ('King's House/Nest') from Munich Residenz, the former royal palace in the Bavarian capital, was modeled after Palazzo Pitti.
Note
References
- Chiarini, Marco (2001). Pitti Palace . Livorno: Sillabe s.r.l. ISBNÃ, 88-8347-047-8
- Chierici, Gino (1964). Il Palazzo Italiano . Milan Ã,
- Dynes, Wayne (1968). European Palace .. London: Hamlyn
- Masson, Georgina (1959). Italian Villa and Palace . London: Harry N. Abrams Ltd.
- Pitti Palace and Museums - see the sub-pages for each museum
- Levey, Michael. "Florence: A Portrait". Harvard University Press, 1998. ISBNÃ, 0-674-30658-9
Further reading
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Francesco; Patrizia Fabbri, (photography of Stefano Giraldi) (1996). Florence Castle . Rizzoli. pp.Ã, 66-77.
External links
- Official website
- Museum of Florence - Pitti Palace - Galleria Palatina
- Museum of Florence - Pitti Palace - Modern Art Gallery
- Museum of Florence - Pitti Palace - Silver Museum
- Museum of Florence - Pitti Palace - Porcelain Museum
- Museum of Florence - Pitti Palace - Boboli Park
- Museum of Florence - Pitti Palace - Royal Apartments
- Pitti Square, Virtual Tour
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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