John Quincy Adams

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John Quincy Adams ( Ã, ( listen )

Adams formed the early American foreign policy using his persistent nationalist commitment to the values ​​of the US republic. As a diplomat, Adams played an important role in negotiating key agreements, including the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812 (1812-1815). As Secretary of State, he negotiated with Great Britain on the northern border of the United States with Canada from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains in 1818, negotiating with Spain, Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty, which enabled the annexation and purchase of Florida from Spain, and drafted the "Monroe Doctrine" , under fifth president James Monroe. Historians generally agree that he is one of the greatest diplomats and state secretaries in American history. In his biography, Samuel Flagg Bemis argues that Adams was able to "collect, formulate, and practice the fundamentals of American foreign policy - self-determination, independence, non-colonization, non-intervention, non-interference in European politics, Freedom of the Seas, [and] freedom of trade. "

Adams was elected president in a controversial and controversial four-party contest in 1824. As president, he sought to modernize the American economy and promote education. Adams imposed some of its agenda and paid off most of the national debt. However, he was blocked time and again by a Congress controlled by the opponent, and lack of patronage networks helped politicians sabotage him. He lost the 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson. He has been described by recent historians as examples and moral leaders during the era of modernization, as new modes of communication propagate messages of religious revival, social reform and party politics, and increased transport of goods, money and people faster. Historians generally place him above average president.

After leaving his post, he was elected US Representative of Massachusetts in 1830, serving for the last 17 years of his life with more praise than he had achieved as president. Moved by his belief in slavery, Adams became a major opponent of Slave Power. Adams predicted the dissolution of the Society of slavery, and in such cases, felt the president could abolish slavery by using his war powers. Adams has also been a critic of Texas annexation and the Mexican-American War, which he sees as an aggressive war for the region.

Video John Quincy Adams

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John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John Adams and his wife Abigail (nÃÆ' Â © e Smith) in the present part of Braintree, Massachusetts, Quincy. He was given a name for his mother's mother's grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, was named. Young Adams was educated by a private tutor - his cousin James Thaxter and his father's legal officer, Nathan Rice. He soon began to show his literary skills in 1779, when he began a diary he kept until before he died in 1848. The diary consists of an unprecedented fifty volumes, representing one of the most extensive and numerous collections quoted from first hand information. about the early republic.

Most of Adams's youth were spent accompanying his father abroad. He accompanied his father on a diplomatic mission to France from 1778 to 1779 and to the Netherlands from 1780 to 1782. Adams received his education at institutions such as the University of Leiden. He was accepted in Leiden on 10 January 1781. For nearly three years, starting at the age of 14, he accompanied Francis Dana as secretary on a mission to Saint Petersburg, Russia, to gain recognition of the new United States. He spent time in Finland, Sweden, and Denmark and, in 1804, published travel reports in Silesia. During these years abroad, Adams became fluent in French and Dutch and became familiar with German and other European languages.

Although Adams enjoyed Europe, he and his family decided he should return to the United States to finish his education and eventually embark on a political career. He entered Harvard College, graduating in 1787 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and was elected by Phi Beta Kappa. Adams, especially with his father's influence, has excelled in classical studies and achieved fluency in Latin and Greek. Upon entering Harvard, he had translated Virgil, Horace, Plutarch, and Aristotle and within six months memorized the Greek grammar and translated the New Testament. After graduating from Harvard, he studied law with Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts from 1787 to 1789. He obtained a Master of Arts degree from Harvard in 1790, received in Massachusetts bar in 1791, and began practicing law in Boston.

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George Washington and John Adams Administration

Adams initially won national recognition when he published a series of articles in support of Washington's decision to keep America away from the growing animosity surrounding the French Revolution. Soon afterwards, George Washington appointed Adams, age 26, minister to the Netherlands in 1793. He preferred his quiet life reading in Massachusetts, but succumbed to his father's persuasion to take it. On his way to Holland, he sent a set of documents to John Jay, who was negotiating with the Jay Agreement; After spending some time with Jay, Adams wrote home to his father, to support the emerging treaties, because he thought America should stay out of European affairs. Historian Paul Nagel has noted that this letter eventually reached Washington, and parts of it were used by Washington when it devised its separation address.

While back and forth between The Hague and London, he meets and proposes his future wife, Louisa Catherine Johnson. Although he wanted to return to private life at the end of his appointment, Washington named him minister to Portugal in 1796, where he was immediately assigned to the Berlin Embassy. Although his talents were far greater than his desire to serve, he was finally convinced to remain in public service when he learned how high Washington was paying attention to his abilities.

Washington calls Adams "the most valuable American official abroad," and Nagel believes that it was at this time that Adams came to terms with the future of public services. While abroad, Adams continues to press for neutrality, arguing that the United States will benefit economically by staying outside the ongoing French Revolutionary War.

He became a Fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1797. When Adams became an old president, he appointed his son in 1797 as the Prussian Minister in Washington urged. There Adams signed the renewal of the highly liberal Prussian Charitable and Trade Agreement after negotiations with Prussian Foreign Minister Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein. He served at the post until 1801, when Thomas Jefferson served as president.

While serving overseas, in 1797 Adams also married Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of a poor American merchant, at a ceremony at All Hallows-by-the-Tower church in London. Adams is the first president to marry the first woman born outside the United States, and this does not happen again until Donald Trump takes office in 2017, with Melania Trump as the first lady.

Senator

Upon his return to the United States, Adams was appointed Commissioner of Monetary Affairs in Boston by a Federal District Judge, but this was annulled by Thomas Jefferson. He again tried his hand as a lawyer, but soon entered the world of politics; he was elected a member of the Massachusetts State Senate in April 1802. In November of that same year he did not succeed as a Federalist to the United States House of Representatives. The state legislature of Massachusetts, later referred to as the Massachusetts General Court, in 1803 chose Adams as a Federalist to the US Senate, where he served until 1808.

Adams firmly opposed Jefferson's presidential candidacy in 1800, but he gradually became alienated from the Federalist Party. His dissatisfaction was driven by the declining popularity of the party, as well as Adams's hostility to the party faction led by Timothy Pickering, whom Adams deemed too British. Unlike other New England Federalists, Adams supports Louisiana's purchase of Jefferson administration, as he generally likes expansionist policies. Adams is the sole Federalist in Congress to vote for the 1806 Non-Import Act, designed to punish England for its attacks on American voyages in the midst of the ongoing Napoleonic Wars. Adams became increasingly frustrated with another Federalist's unwillingness to condemn England's actions, including impressions, and he moved closer to the Jefferson administration. After Adams supported the Embargo Act of 1807, the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature selected Adams successor several months before the end of his term, and Adams resigned from the Senate in June 1808. After his resignation, Adams entered into law in Boston and emerged as leader of the Democratic Republic of Massachusetts.

While members of the Senate, Adams also served as professor of logic at Brown University. He then received the Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard University in 1805. Adams's devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues, and he will remain inspired by rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classical and deferential politics of the founding generation were defeated by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's privileged positions are rooted in his constant devotion to Ciceron's ideals of "speaking well" citizens to promote the welfare of the policy. He was also influenced by the classical republican ideals of civil eloquence adhered to by the English philosopher David Hume. Adams adapted the ideals of the classical republic from public speech to the American debate, looking at the stratified political structure as mature for "the revival of Demosthenic eloquence." His Lecture on Rhetoric and the Oratory (1810) sees the fate of the ancient oratory, the necessity of freedom for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civilian eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, the interests of the United States faded in the second decade of the 19th century, because the "public spaces of the hot speech" disappeared for the private sphere.

First US Minister to Russia

President James Madison appointed Adams as the first United States Minister to Russia in 1809. Although Adams recently broke with the Federalist Party, his support for Jefferson's foreign policy has earned him goodwill with the Madison Administration. After resigning from his post at Harvard, Adams and his wife Louisa boarded a merchant ship in Boston on August 5, 1809. Their youngest son was with them during a long and tedious journey to St. Louis. Petersburg is temporarily disturbed outside the southern coast of Norway due to the Gunboat War. They were originally boarded by a British officer who examined their documents and later, later that day, by a Norwegian officer who ordered a vessel to Christianity and. At Christiansand, Adams found thirty-eight US ships have been detained by Norway and determined to secure the release of ships and crew as soon as possible. Sailing to St. Petersburg resumed but was once again stopped by the England squadron. Adams showed his commission to Admiral Albermarle Bertie, the Squadron commander who recognized Adams as ambassador. Due to the many delays, Adam did not arrive at St. Petersburg until 23 October 1809.

Count Nikolay Rumyantsev, the Imperial Chancellor, officially accepted Adams, and requested a copy of his credential. Romanzoff convinces Adams that his appointment pleases him personally. However, Adams's presentation to the emperor was postponed, due to the temporary incident of Alexander I. Rumyantsev immediately invited Adams to a diplomatic dinner which included the French ambassador, Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt, Duke Vicenza, a number of foreign ministers, then in Russia. Courts, and many nobles. This is the same house where Adams dined in 1781, as the secretary of Francis Dana.

Tsar Alexander I accept Adams alone in his cabinet where he expressed his joy over the appointment of Adams. Adams told Alexander that "the president of the United States wants him to express his hope that his mission will be regarded as a proof of respect for the person and character of his majesty, in recognition of many good testimonies-he would have been given to the United States, and a desire to strengthen commercial relations between they and their provinces. "Alexander replied that," in all things dependent on him, he should be happy to contribute to the enhancement of their friendly relations, that it is his desire to establish a just maritime rights system, and that he must obey always to "After this official diplomatic welcome, Alexander and Adams discussed several other issues such as different European power policies, trade and commerce, and other mutually beneficial prospects, and that Russia and the US could be very useful to each other other.

Adams urged Rumyantsev to ask Alexander to act on behalf of the United States in securing the release of American sailors and ships held by Denmark. The Tsar ordered the Chancellor to demand the release of American property as soon as possible, which the Danish government adhered to. Adams spent a lot of time securing the release of American ships and sailors from various "seizures and warranties of collateral".

In 1811, Adams received a commission from the Secretary of State to act as a United States Superior Court Judge; he immediately refused and remained at St. Petersburg. In 1812, Adams witnessed and reported the news of Napoleon's invasion of Russia and the final disaster retreat. Also in 1812, Rumyantsev asked if he should ask Alexander to mediate the security of hostilities between the United States and the United Kingdom. The United States accepted the offer and in July 1813, two Adams partners, Albert Gallatin, and James A. Bayard, arrived at St. Petersburg to start negotiations under mediation by Alexander. Gallatin at the time the Minister of Finance and the Senate rejected his appointment to a diplomatic mission as unconstitutional. However, this refusal did not occur until after Gallatin and Bayard went to St. Petersburg. In September, Lord William Cathcart conveyed a British message to Alexander explaining their reasons for refusing mediation. Thus ended President Madison's hopes that Alexander could end the war.

Louisa Adams served the priceless role of wife-diplomat, a favorite of the Tsar and offsetting her husband's lack of appeal. However, Adams is personally favored by the Russian Court and will often meet on the streets by Alexander. The Tsar asked Adams if he would take a home in the country during the summer. When Adams hesitated, the emperor proclaimed with good humor that maybe it was a financial consideration and Adams was able to respond well that it was indeed a large part. Adams is a man who strives to live in the way that the American government provides.

Minister to St court James's

In 1814, Adams was summoned from Russia to serve as chief negotiator of the US commission for the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the 1812 War between the United States and Britain. Britain's first peace offer in mid-1814 was unacceptable to American delegates, and therefore included unfavorable terms such as the formation of an Indian barrier state from the northwestern part of the United States. In November 1814, the Lord Liverpool government decided to end hostilities with the United States on the basis of the status quo ante bellum. Adams and his friends hope for the same term, though returning to the status quo will mean continuing the practice of British broadcasting, which has been a major cause of war. The agreement was signed on 24 December 1814. The United States did not get any concessions from the treaty, but can boast that it has survived the war against the strongest forces in the world. Following the signing of the agreement, Adams went to Paris, where he witnessed the restoration of the Hundred Days of Napoleon. During this period, Adams learned that President Madison had appointed him as a minister at St. Lawrence Court. James (English).

Adams arrived in England in May 1815. In London, Adams was part of a US embassy consisting of himself, two young secretaries and a small office on Craven Street, near Charing Cross. Because they were not paid very well, Adams and his wife Louisa lived in Ealing, then a village in the countryside, to retain the expensive coaches and candies demanded by social appearance. With the help of Henry Clay and Albert Gallatin, who had also been part of the US commission in Ghent, Adams negotiated a limited trade agreement with Britain. Following the conclusion of the trade agreement, most of Adams's time as ambassador was spent to help the shipwrecked American sailors and prisoners of war. In April 1817, Adams received a letter from the newly inaugurated President, James Monroe, who offered Adams a role as Secretary of State. After spending several years in Europe, Adams finally returned to the United States in August 1817.

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AS. Secretary of State (1817-1825)

In pursuit of national unity, President Monroe decided that a Northerner would be optimal for the position of the Secretary of State, and he chose Adams who was respected and experienced for the role. Adams served as Secretary of State throughout Monroe's eight-year presidency, from 1817 to 1825. Taking office after the War of 1812, Adams thought the country was fortunate in avoiding territorial losses, and he prioritized avoiding other wars with European Forces, especially Britain. One of the main challenges facing Adams is how to respond to the power vacuum in Latin America arising from the weakness of Spain after the Peninsula War. Monroe and Adams agreed on most of the major foreign policy issues: both favored neutrality against Latin America's war of independence, peace with Great Britain, denial of trade agreements with France, and expansion, peacefully, if possible, into the North American region of the Spanish Empire.

Adams has started negotiations with Britain during his time as ambassador to some of the contentious issues that have not been resolved by the War of 1812 or the Treaty of Ghent. In 1817, the two countries approved the Rush-Bagot Agreement, which restricted the naval arsenal of the Great Lakes. The negotiations between the two powers continued, resulting in the Treaty of 1818, which defines the Canadian-US border to the west of the Great Lakes. The limit is set at the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains, while the area to the west of the mountains (Oregon State) will be occupied together. The agreement represents a turning point in British-US relations, as the US turns its attention to the southern and western borders and Britain's fear of American expansionism fades.

When Adams came to power, Spanish ownership restricted the United States to the South and West. In the South, Spain retains control of Florida, which has long been sought by the US. Spain is struggling to control the native American tribes active in Florida, some of which invaded the US territory. In the West, New Spain limits the area purchased by the US in the Louisiana Purchase, but no clear boundaries have been established between the US and Spanish territories. After taking office, Adams began negotiations with Luis de OnÃÆ's, Spanish minister to the United States, for Florida purchases and a border settlement between the US and New Spain. Adams hopes to set the US border on the Rio Grande, while Spain prefers that the border is set on the Mississippi River. The negotiations were disrupted by the escalation of the Seminole War, and in December 1818 Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to enter Florida and retaliate against Seminole who had invaded Georgia. Beyond his orders, Jackson defeated the Seminoles, but also captured Spanish posts in St. Marks and Pensacola and executed two Englishmen. While the rest of the cabinet was angered by Jackson's actions, Adams defended them as needed to defend himself and protected by international law, and Adams finally convinced Monroe and most of the cabinet to support Jackson. After the negotiations were extended, the two countries approved the Adams-OnÃÆ's Agreement, where Spain moved Florida to the US and Sabine River was designated as the western border of the United States. The treaty was ratified in February 1821.

When the Spanish Empire continued to crack during Monroe's second term, Adams and Monroe became increasingly concerned that the "Holy Alliance" (comprising Prussia, Austria and Russia) would seek to bring the former Spanish colonies under control. In 1822, following the conclusion of the Adams-Ons Agreement, the Monroe government recognized the independence of several Latin American countries, including Argentina and Mexico. In 1823, British Foreign Secretary George Canning suggested that the United States and Britain should work together to maintain the independence of the new republic. The Cabinet debated whether or not to accept the offer, but Adams opposed it. Instead, Adams urged Monroe to publicly announce US opposition to European efforts to colonize or regain control of the territory in America, while also making the United States a neutral state of European affairs. Adams wrote a draft for Monroe that proclaims these principles and also proclaims US support for the principles of the republic. In his annual message in December 1823 to Congress, Monroe composed the Monroe Doctrine, most of which was built on Adams's ideas. Doctrine became one of the basic principles of US foreign policy.

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1824 presidential election

Soon after becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents have all served in roles (though Jefferson also served as vice president) before taking office. As the 1824 election approached, Adams, Clay, War Secret John C. Calhoun, and Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford positioned themselves to replace Monroe. Adams felt that his own presidential election would justify his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Although he lacked the charisma of his rivals, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of prominent northerners.

The Federalist party nearly collapsed after the War of 1812, and all of the major presidential candidates were members of the Democratic Party-the Monroe Republic. As 1824 approached, Jackson jumped into the race, largely motivated by his anger over Clay and Crawford about his actions in Florida. Congressional congressional congresses have decided on the previous presidential candidate, but most have been discredited. Candidates are even nominated by state legislatures or nominating conventions, and Adams receives support from several New England legislatives. Seeing the power of Jackson, Calhoun stepped out of the presidential election and instead sought a vice president. The remaining candidates are heavily dependent on regional strength. Adams is very popular in New England, Clay and Jackson are strong in the West, and Jackson and Crawford are competing for the South, despite recent health problems. In the presidential election of 1824, no candidate won a majority of the electoral votes, which necessitated contingent elections under the provisions of the Twelve Amendments. The House of Representatives decided among the top three electoral winners, with each state delegate having one vote. The top three winners are Jackson, Adams, and Crawford; Although Clay also receives a voter vote, he is not eligible for election by the House.

Adams knew that his own victory in contingent elections would require the support of Clay, who apart from being a presidential candidate had also garnered considerable influence in the House and had served three times as a body speaker. Unlike Clay, Crawford believed in a weak and limited federal government. Jackson's view of the policy was unclear, but Clay was angry with Jackson's actions in Florida, and he was afraid of what Jackson would do in the office. Clay's American System calls for high tariffs, federal government-funded internal improvements, and national banks, all of which are backed by Adams. Adams and Clay met before contingent elections, and Clay agreed to support Adams. In February 1825 Adams won contingent elections, taking thirteen of the twenty-four state delegates. After the election, many of Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had reached "Bargain Corrup" in which Adams promised Clay the position of Foreign Minister in return for Clay's support.

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Presidency (1825-1829)

Inauguration

Adams was inaugurated on March 4, 1825. He took an oath of office in a constitutional law book, not a more traditional Bible. In his inaugural address, he adopted a post partisan tone, promising that he would avoid party-building promises and politically motivated. He also proposed a complex "internal remodeling" program: roads, ports, and canals. Although some were concerned about the constitutionality of such federal projects, Adams argued that the General Welfare Clause was provided for broad constitutional authorities. While his predecessor has been involved in projects such as the construction of the National Road, Adams promised that he would ask Congress to certify more such projects.

Appointments

Administration and cabinet

Judiciary

Adams appointed one Judge to the United States Supreme Court and eleven judges to the US district court. Justice Tribunal Robert Trimble served from May 1826 until his death in August 1828. Adams nominated John J. Crittenden to replace Trimble, but the Senate never voted on a Crittenden nomination.

Domestic policy

In his annual message to Congress in 1825, Adams presented a comprehensive and ambitious agenda. He called for major investments in internal improvements as well as the creation of national universities, naval academies, and national astronomical observatories. Taking into account the healthy status of the treasury and the possibility for more revenue through the sale of land, Adams argues for the completion of several projects that are in various stages of construction or planning, including the road from Washington to New Orleans. However, Adams's program faces opposition from various quarters. Many disagree with his broad interpretation of the constitution, and prefer a stronger state government at the expense of the federal government. Others dislike government interference and oppose central planning. Some in the South fear that Adams is secretly an abolitionist and that he is trying to fertilize the state to the federal government.

Some of his proposals were adopted, in particular the expansion of Cumberland Road to Ohio with surveys for its continuation west to St. Louis; the beginnings of the Chesapeake and the Ohio Canal, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and Louisville and the Portland Canal around the fall of Ohio; Great Lakes connections to the Ohio River system in Ohio and Indiana; and the expansion and rebuilding of the Dismal Rawa Canal in North Carolina. One of the problems that divides the administration is the tariff of protection, in which Henry Clay is a prominent advocate.

Allied Adams lost control of Congress after the mid-term 1826 election, and pro-Adams Speaker House John Taylor was replaced by Andrew Stevenson, a supporter of Jackson. The Jacksonian Congressmen lobbied many attacks against Adams, including attacks on Adams' actions in Ghent and criticism of White House spending such as the purchase of pool tables. Jacksonians drafted the 1828 Tariff, which raised the rates considerably. After signing the tariff, Adams was criticized in the South, but received little credit for tariffs in the North.

Adams sought the gradual assimilation of Native Americans through consensual agreements, priorities shared by several whites in the 1820s. But Adams is also deeply committed to the expansion west of the United States. Settlers on the border, who continue to move westward, weep over a more expansionist policy that ignores the perceived concerns of civilization. Early in his tenure, Adams suspended the Indian Springs Treaty after learning that Georgian Governor George Troup had imposed the agreement on Muscogee. Adams signed a new agreement with Muskogee in January 1826 that allowed Muskogee to stay but surrendered most of their land to Georgia. Troup refused to accept his terms, and allowed all Georgians to expel the Muskogee. The third agreement was signed in 1828, giving all Muskogee land to Georgia.

Foreign policy

According to Charles Edel, Adams believes that, "The intervention will solve little, inhibit the causes of republicanism, and distract the country from the main purpose of continental expansion." Moreover, fearing that US intentions will surpass his abilities, Adams thinks that projecting US forces abroad would undermine his gravitational forces in the North American continent.

During his term as president, Adams achieved little long-term consequences in foreign affairs. The reason for this was the opposition he faced in Congress, where his competitors prevented him from succeeding. Among his diplomatic achievements are mutual agreements with a number of countries, including Denmark, Mexico, the Hanseatic League, Scandinavian countries, Prussia and Austria. However, thanks to the success of Adams's diplomacy over the previous eight years as secretary of state, most of the foreign policy issues he will face have been resolved by the time he becomes president.

As president, Adams continues to pursue a potential peace settlement dispute with Britain, including an unresolved border between Maine and Canada. However, in 1825, Britain banned US trade from the British West Indies, undermining Adams's prestige in foreign affairs. After Congress countered by raising tariffs on British products, Britain banned US trade with British colonies other than Canada, further damaging US businesses.

Adams preferred to send a US delegation to the Panama Congress, a conference of 1826 New World republics organized by SimÃÆ'³n BolÃÆ'var. Adams is seeking closer ties with the new Latin American countries, believing that stability among the new countries will benefit the US and is conducive to Texas's purchase from Mexico. However, funding for delegates and confirmation of candidate delegates became entangled in a political battle over Adams' domestic policies, with opponents such as Senator Martin Van Buren hampering the delegation's confirmation process. Although the delegation finally won confirmation from the Senate, it never reached the Panama Congress due to congressional resistance and delays.

1828 presidential election

During his presidency, Adams's opponents joined around Jackson. The opponents accuse Adams of supporting the big government, Northeast, manufacturing, and abolition. Followers of Jackson, Van Buren, and Calhoun formed a proto-party apparatus, raised large sums of money and sponsored local newspapers and clubs. Adams, meanwhile, refused to adapt to the new realities of political campaigns, and he avoided public functions and refused to invest in pro-administration tools such as newspapers. As the 1828 presidential election drew near, Jackson was seen as a favorite by many, as Van Buren and others have formed a strong support base. In the spring of 1827, Jackson was publicly accused of pushing his wife to leave her first husband. In response, Jackson's followers attacked Adams's private life, and the campaign turned worse. Although some people doubt Adams's intelligence, the Jacksonian press describes him as an elitist who does not touch.

Vice President Calhoun joined the Jackson ticket, while Adams turned to Finance Minister Richard Rush as his partner. This is the first time in US history that two Norther tickets have two South tickets. No party has publicly campaigned for slavery, but Adams's status as a New Englander may have hurt him, as many people outside New England have negative cultural stereotypes about the region.

Key countries in the election are New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, which account for nearly a third of the country's voters. Jackson won Pennsylvania, Ohio, and even Clay's home country in Kentucky. He also won a majority of electoral votes in New York, and denied Adams swept through New England by winning electoral votes in Maine. In the South, in addition to Adams's victory in Maryland, only Louisiana is competitive competitive, and even there Jackson won 53% of the vote. In total, Jackson won 178 out of 261 electoral votes and just under 56 percent of popular votes. No future presidential candidate would equal the proportion of Jackson's voice until Theodore Roosevelt passed it in 1904. Adams's loss made him the second short-term president, after his own father. The election marks the permanent end of the Era of Good Feeling and the beginning of the Second Party System.

Departure

John Quincy Adams left office on March 4, 1829. Adams did not attend the inauguration of his successor, Andrew Jackson, who publicly insulted him by refusing to pay the traditional "honorific call" to the president who would be out during the weeks before his inauguration.. Jackson's wife had died shortly after the election, and Jackson blamed Adams and his followers for his death. Adams is one of only four presidents who choose not to attend the inauguration of their successors; the others are his father, Andrew Johnson, and Richard Nixon.

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The congressional career later (1830-1848)

Adams is considered permanently retired from public life after the defeat of 1828, and he was deeply hurt by the suicide of his son, George Washington Adams, in 1829. He was shocked by many of Jackson's administration actions, including embracing the spoils system. Adams became bored with his retirement and still felt that his career was not over yet, so he ran for a seat in the House of Representatives of the United States in the election of 1830. His election contradicted the public opinion, shared by his wife and his own youngest son, that the former president may run for public office. He was the first president to serve in Congress after his term, and one of two former presidents to do so (Andrew Johnson later served in the Senate). He was elected to nine terms, serving as a Representative for 17 years, from 1831 until his death.

Returning to Washington at the age of sixty-four, Adams expects a light workload, but Speaker Andrew Stevenson elects the chairman of the Adams Commerce and Manufacturing Committee. During his time at the Congress he also served as chairman of the Indian Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs Committee. Stevenson, a Jackson ally, hopes that the chairman will keep Adams busy keeping rates, but that the presence of Jackson's majority on the committee will prevent Adams from gaining real power.

Shortly after Adams entered the Congress, Crisis Nullification threatened a civil war over Tariff 1828. Clay and Adams offered amendments that moderated rates, and tame the crisis. Congress also passed a Power Bill which allows President Andrew Jackson to use military force if the Adams compromise bill does not force states to fight to surrender. No need, because Adams compromise fixes this problem. The compromise did not actually change the tariffs as many southern states expected, although they agreed not to continue pursuing the problem for fear of civil war.

Adams ran for Massachusetts Governor in 1833 on an Anti-Masonic ticket. The current National Republican Governor, Levi Lincoln Jr. retired, allowing Adams to face the party, John Davis, Democrat Marcus Morton, and Samuel L. Allen of the Men's Workers Party. Davis won plurality by 40%; Adams took 29%, with Morton taking 25% and Allen 6%. Since no candidate wins a majority, the election is decided by the state legislature. Adams drew and supported Davis, preferring him to Morton, and Davis was elected in January 1834.

Adams opposed Texas's annexation, viewing it as an unconstitutional imposition of US citizenship on foreign nationals when the national people did not hold a referendum. Adams called for the annexation of the entire Oregon State, the disputed territory occupied by the United States and Britain, and was disappointed when President James K. Polk signed the Oregon Treaty, which divides the land between two prosecutors in the 49th parallel. Adams became a strong critic of the Mexican-American War, which he saw as an aggression war against Mexico designed to take the Mexican territory. Although the war was popular initially, many Whigs eventually opposed it.

Slavery

As an old enemy of slavery, Adams used his new role in Congress to fight it, and he became the most prominent national leader against slavery. After one of his re-election victories, he said that he must "bring one day prophesied when slavery and war will be banished from the face of the earth." He wrote in his personal journal in 1820:

Discussions about this Missouri question have betrayed the secrets of their souls. In abstractly they admit that slavery is a crime, they deny it, and throw it all over the shoulder... United Kingdom. But when scrutinized for a quick on it, they show under their soul pride and pride in the condition of their master. They look down on the simplicity of a Yankee's behavior, because he has no arrogant habits like them and can not treat a nigger like a dog. This is one of the crimes of slavery that tarnished the sources of moral principles. It sets false estimates of virtue and evil: for what can be more wrong and inhuman than this doctrine which makes the first and the holiest human rights depend on the color of the skin?

In 1836, the South Representative voted in a "gag rule" that immediately petitioned slavery, thereby preventing discussion or debate on the issue of slavery. Adams became a strong opponent of this rule and created a road around him, attacking slavery in the House for two weeks. The gag rule prevented him from carrying a slave petition to the floor, but he still took it. It was a petition from Georgians who insisted there was a dispute over the continuation of slavery in the South. Although he clearly did not support him and explained it at the time, his intention was to challenge the pro-slavery camp of Congress in an open fight on the issue. The petition angered his enemies in Congress, many of them worried about the divide itself. They moved because of their criticism of the matter, allowing Adams to discuss slavery openly during the next defense. Taking advantage of his right to self-defense, Adams made ready and impromptu comments on slavery and supported the abolition. Knowing that he might be released, he changed the focus of his own actions to the slave owners, speaking against the slave trade and slave ownership. He decided that if he was criticized, he would simply resign, run for the post again, and possibly win easily. When his opponents realize that they play their political strategy, they try to bury the criticism. Adams made sure this did not happen, and the debate continued. He attacked slavery and slaves as immoral, and condemned the institution while calling it to an end. After two weeks, voting was held, and he was not censored. He was glad in the misery he inflicted on the slave-hired owners, and prided himself on "annoying the slave faction." Although gag rules are maintained, discussions lit by his actions and other people's attempts to calm him raise questions about the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery.

In 1841, at the request of Lewis Tappan and Ellis Gray Loring, Adams joined the case of United States v. The Amistad . Adams went to the Supreme Court on behalf of an African slave who had rebelled and confiscated the Spanish ship Amistad . Adams appeared on February 24, 1841, and spoke for four hours. His argument worked; The court decided to support Africans, who were declared free and returned to their homes. Among his opponents is President Martin Van Buren. In subsequent years, the Spanish government continued to pressure the United States to compensate for the ship and its cargo, including slaves. Some southern parliamentarians introduced a Congressional resolution to get the money appropriate for the payout, but no one passed, despite support from Democrat president James K. Polk and James Buchanan.

Adams continues to speak out against what he calls the "Slave Power", that is, the organized political power of the slave owners who dominate all the southern states and their representatives in Congress. He is also a fierce critic of Northern Representatives and Senators, especially Stephen A. Douglas, whom he accuses of serving the fraction of slaves in exchange for southern support. He strongly attacked Texas annexation and the Mexican-American War as part of a "conspiracy" to expand slavery. He correctly predicted that the Texas annexation and Mexican-American War would contribute to the civil war.

Advances in science

Adams is also a major force for the promotion of science. As president, he has proposed a national observatory, which does not gain much support. In 1829, the English scientist James Smithson died, and left his wealth to "increase and disseminate knowledge." In Smithson's will, he declared that his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, should have died without the heirs, Smithson's plantation would go to the United States government to create an "Establishment for Increasing & Spreading Knowledge among Humans." After the nephew died without an heir in 1835, President Andrew Jackson told Congress about the will, which amounted to about US $ 500,000 ($ 75 million in 2008 dollars after inflation). Adams realized that this might enable the United States to realize its dream of building a national science institution and learning. Adams became a major supporter of the Smithsonian Institution's Congress in the future.

The money was invested in shaky state bonds, which quickly failed. After a heated debate in Congress, Adams managed to argue to refund the lost funds with interest. Although Congress wanted to use the money for other purposes, Adams managed to persuade Congress to preserve money for a science and learning institution. The Congress also debated whether the federal government has the authority to accept the prize, although with Adams leading the initiative, Congress decides to accept a heritage passed on to the nation and pledge the United States faith to charity trust on 1 July 1836.

Photography

The source argues that in 1843 Adams sat for the earliest confirmed photographs of a US president, though others maintain that William Henry Harrison was put forward even earlier for his portrait, in 1841. The original Daguerreotype is in the National Portrait Gallery collection of the Smithsonian Institution.

Death

In 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that partially paralyzed him. After several months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress. When Adams entered the parliament room, everyone "stood up and applauded." On February 21, 1848, the House of Representatives was discussing issues in honor of US Army officers assigned to the Mexican-American War. Adams is a hard critic of war, and when members of Congress rise to say, "Aye!" supporting the move, he instead shouted, "No!" He got up to answer questions raised by House Speaker Robert Charles Winthrop. Immediately after that, Adams collapsed, after a major brain hemorrhage. Two days later, on February 23, he died with his wife at his side in the Speaker Room inside the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.; the only surviving child, Charles Francis, did not arrive in time to see his father alive. His last words were "This is the last of the earth. I am satisfied." He died at 7:20 pm. She was the last surviving son of John Adams. The first period representative of Abraham Lincoln from Illinois was assigned to the committee making a funeral arrangement.

The original burial was only temporary, in public space at the Congress Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Later, he was buried in the family funeral grounds in Quincy, Massachusetts, across from the First Parish Church, called Hancock's Cemetery. After Louisa's death in 1852, her son Charles Francis Adams sent his parents back in the extended family basement of the First Unity Parish Church across the street, next to John and Abigail. Both graves can be seen by the public. Adams's original grave at Hancock Cemetery still exists and is marked only "J.Q. Adams".

Personal life

Adams and Louisa have three sons and a daughter. Their daughter, Louisa, was born in 1811 but died in 1812 when her family was in Russia. They named their first son George Washington Adams (1801-1829) after the first president. This decision made Adams's mother angry, and, based on her account, her father too. Both George and their second son, John (1803-1834), lived a troubled life and died in early adulthood. George committed suicide and John was expelled from Harvard before his graduation in 1823.

Adams's younger son, Charles Francis Adams (who named his own son John Quincy), pursued a career in diplomacy and politics. In 1870 Charles Francis built the first presidential library in the United States, in honor of his father. The Stone Library includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is located in the "Old House" at Adams National Historical Park in Quincy, Massachusetts.

John Adams and John Quincy Adams were the only fathers and sons who became president until George H. W. Bush (1989-1993) and George W. Bush (2001-2009).

It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams has the highest I.Q. of every US president. Dean Simonton, a professor of psychology at UC Davis, estimates his IQ. score on 165.

Personality

Adams's personality is very similar to his father, as is his political belief. He always preferred to read closed for social engagement, and several times must be suppressed by others to remain in the public service. Historian Paul Nagel states that, like Abraham Lincoln after him, Adams often suffered from depression, where he sought some form of treatment in his early years. Adams thought his depression was due to the high expectations he and his mother had demanded. Throughout his life he felt inadequate and socially awkward because of his depression, and was constantly distracted by his physical appearance. He was closer to his father, who spent much of his youth abroad, compared to his mother. When he was young and the American Revolution was in progress, his mother told his sons what their father had done, and what he staked, and because this Adams was very respectful of his father. Her relationship with her mother was rocky; she has high hopes for her and is afraid her children will end up with dead alcohol like her sister. His biographer Nagel concludes that his mother's disapproval of Louisa Johnson motivated him to marry Johnson in 1797, though Adams considers Johnson as his mother, to have a strong personality.

Legacy

Although he later described his presidency as an unpleasant time in his life, scholars rated John Quincy Adams in the second quartile in the majority of the presidential ranking of history. Historians often include Adams among the prominent conservatives of his day. Russell Kirk, however, sees Adams as a flawed conservative who is unwise in opposing slavery. Adams's foreign policy legacy, and his focus on noninterventionism, led to his name adopted by John Quincy Adams Society, a network of student groups "committed to identifying, educating and equipping the generation of intellectuals and policy leaders to foster a new era of realism and control in American foreign policy. "

Birthplace John Quincy Adams is now part of Adams National Historical Park and is open to the public. Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential homes at Harvard University, is named in honor of John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Harvard-related Adams family. The name Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the city of Quincy, Illinois. Adams County, Illinois and Adams County, Indiana are also named Adams.

He was the first president to adopt short haircuts instead of long hair tied in queues and regularly wearing trousers instead of knee pants.

Movies and TV

Adams is sometimes shown in the mass media. In the PBS miniseries The Adams Chronicles (1976), he is described by David Birney, William Daniels, Marcel Trenchard, Steven Grover and Mark Winkworth. He was also played by Anthony Hopkins in the 1997 film Amistad, and again by Ebon Moss-Bachrach and Steven Hinkle in the HBO 2008 television miniseries John Adams; the HBO series received criticism of unnecessary historical and temporal distortions in its depiction.

See also

• The abolitionist list
• List of cross-party United States political pledges
• List of Presidents of the United States based on previous experience
• List of members of the United States Congress who died at the office (1790-1899)
• Mendi Bible
• Mayflower passenger list

pronunciation

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

• White House biography
• United States Congress. "John Quincy Adams (id: A000041)". Directory of Biographies of the United States Congress . Ã,
• John Quincy Adams's Diary: Digital Collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
• "Live Portrait of John Quincy Adams", from C-SPAN American President: Portrait of Life , April 18, 1999
• The work of John Quincy Adams in Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about John Quincy Adams in the Internet Archive
• John Quincy Adams's work on LibriVox (public domain audiobook)
• Private Manuscripts by John Quincy Adams at Shapell

Source of the article : Wikipedia